Sarcopenia is a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength that contributes to adverse outcomes such as falls, fractures, and mortality in aging populations. Its prevalence varies widely across studies, influenced by intrinsic factors (eg, age, comorbidities, lifestyle), environmental conditions (eg, urban-rural differences, institutionalization), and the diagnostic criteria applied. This review synthesizes evidence mainly from systematic reviews and meta-analyses to examine how these factors shape the epidemiology of sarcopenia. The use of different definitions, such as EWGSOP 1/2, AWGS 2014/2019, IWGS, and FNIH, leads to large variations in prevalence estimates. This limits regional comparisons and hampers surveillance. The review also highlights key risk factors such as physical inactivity, malnutrition, smoking, irregular sleep, and cognitive impairment, although the overall certainty of evidence remains low to moderate. These findings emphasize the need for harmonized diagnostic standards and greater methodological consistency in future studies. Clinically, integrating sarcopenia screening into routine care and implementing targeted lifestyle interventions may help reduce disease burden. Future longitudinal and interventional research is essential to clarify causal pathways and guide effective public health strategies for sarcopenia prevention and management.

The effectiveness of combining romosozumab (ROMO) with denosumab (Dmab) remains uncertain. We compare the six-month effects of Dmab plus monthly ROMO versus Dmab plus daily teriparatide (TPTD) on bone mineral density (BMD) in treatment-naïve postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 26 treatment-naïve postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis. Participants received either a monthly regimen of ROMO and Dmab (N = 14) or a daily regimen of TPTD plus Dmab (N = 12). BMD at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck was measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were assessed at the same intervals. Both regimens significantly improved lumbar spine BMD at 6 months (ROMO + Dmab: +9.75%; TPTD + Dmab: +7.42%). Improvements in total hip and femoral neck BMD were modest and similar between groups (∼2%). Serum CTX and P1NP were significantly suppressed in both groups at 3 months, but P1NP suppression waned in the TPTD + Dmab group by 6 months. No statistically significant differences in BMD or marker changes were detected between the two regimens. Both combination therapies effectively improve lumbar spine BMD over 6 months. The ROMO + Dmab regimen yielded numerically greater increases with fewer injections.

Background: There was little knowledge of the dietary diversity of older adults in rural areas, with limited studies examining their nutritional status and related factors. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of older adults in rural communities in Taiwan and explore the association between characteristics and the dietary diversity score (DDS). Methods: We collected data on sociodemographic, nutritional status, and DDS. The DDS was estimated based on nutritional intake using a 24 h dietary recall (24HR). Participants were grouped by distance from the city center into three categories (0–4 km, 4–8 km, and >8 km) to assess their correlation with food diversity. Results: A total of 567 participants were included, of whom 81.3% were women, and 65.5% were over 75 years of age. Of the participants, 154 lived within 4 km of the city center, 255 lived 4–8 km away, and 158 resided in remote communities (>8 km from the city center). Out of 538 participants who completed the dietary questionnaire, 274 (50.9%) were categorized as having low dietary diversity (DDS ≤ 4), while 264 (49.1%) were categorized as having high dietary diversity (DDS > 4). Conclusions: Our results showed the distance from the community to the city center significantly influences the DDS of the residents in rural communities. Nearly half of the rural population has a low DDS. The implementation of the research project aimed to determine the feasibility of daily nutrition evaluation and optimization programs for the elderly in rural areas is crucial in the future.