This review examines advancements in Mars habitation technologies, emphasizing Earth-based analog missions and closed-loop life support systems critical for long-duration human presence on the Red Planet. The paper categorizes major simulation projects—including Biosphere 2, Yuegong 1 (Lunar Palace 1), SAM, MaMBA, and CHAPEA—and analyzes their contributions to habitat design, psychological resilience, and environmental control. Technological domains such as in situ resource utilization (ISRU), habitat automation, and extraterrestrial health care are evaluated with respect to current limitations and future scalability. Additionally, the paper explores regulatory, economic, and international cooperation aspects, highlighting their significance in enabling sustainable settlement. By integrating empirical data from terrestrial experiments and recent space initiatives, this review offers a comprehensive assessment of readiness and gaps in Mars habitation strategies.

Wavelength modulation spectroscopy off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (WMS-OA-ICOS) is an in situ detection technique suitable for analyzing trace gases in the atmospheres, characterized by its high sensitivity and ease of integration. However, in current practical applications, the design and optimization of WMS-OA-ICOS systems primarily rely on empirical knowledge, lacking systematic quantitative methodologies. To address this limitation, this study conducts comprehensive modeling and simulation research on WMS-OA-ICOS spectroscopy, proposing a novel modeling approach. The spot distribution simulation results obtained from the self-developed model are validated against those generated using Tracepro. Furthermore, based on the self-developed model, an in-depth investigation is conducted into the effects of cavity length tolerance, beam waist matching, modulation depth, and laser linewidth on signal quality. The findings provide valuable insights for designing and optimizing miniaturized systems with high signal-to-noise ratios.