This study presents a mixed-method systematic literature review (SLR) investigating the applications of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies for enhancing sustainability in transportation infrastructure projects from a construction perspective. A corpus of 199 scholarly articles published between 2009 and November 2023 was meticulously selected from the Scopus database. The thematic analysis categorised the publications into four main clusters: infrastructure type, technology types, project lifecycle stages, and geographic context. The scientometric analysis revealed a burgeoning interest in the integrating of I4.0 technologies to enhance sustainability—particularly environmental sustainability. Among these, Building Information Modelling (BIM)-related tools emerged as the most extensively studied domain (33.50%), followed by the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors (14%), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) (13.22%). The findings demonstrate that roads, highways, and bridges are the most studied infrastructure types, with BIM being predominantly utilised for energy assessment, sustainable design, and asset management. The main contributions of this review are threefold: (1) providing a comprehensive framework that categorises I4.0 applications and their sustainability impacts across transportation infrastructure types and project lifecycle stages, (2) identifying key technical challenges in integrating I4.0 technologies with sustainability assessment tools, and (3) revealing underexplored areas and providing clear directions for future research. The findings provide actionable insights for researchers and industry practitioners aiming to adopt integrated, sustainability-driven digital approaches in transport infrastructure delivery.