Background and Objective: Large language model (LLM)–based chatbots are increasingly utilized by postpartum individuals seeking guidance on breastfeeding. However, the chatbots’ content quality, readability, and alignment with clinical guidelines remain uncertain. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the quality, readability, and factual accuracy of responses generated by three publicly accessible AI chatbots—ChatGPT-4o Pro, Gemini 2.5 Pro, and Copilot Pro—when prompted with common maternal questions related to breast-milk supply. Methods: Twenty frequently asked breastfeeding-related questions were submitted to each chatbot in separate sessions. The responses were paraphrased to enable standardized scoring and were then evaluated using three validated tools: ensuring quality information for patients (EQIP), the simple measure of gobbledygook (SMOG), and the global quality scale (GQS). Factual accuracy was benchmarked against WHO, ACOG, CDC, and NICE guidelines using a three-point rubric. Additional user experience metrics included response time, character count, content density, and structural formatting. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests with Bonferroni correction. Results: ChatGPT-4o Pro achieved the highest overall performance across all primary outcomes: EQIP score (85.7 ± 2.4%), SMOG score (9.78 ± 0.22), and GQS rating (4.55 ± 0.50), followed by Gemini 2.5 Pro and Copilot Pro (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). ChatGPT-4o Pro also demonstrated the highest factual alignment with clinical guidelines (95%), while Copilot showed more frequent omissions or simplifications. Differences in response time and formatting quality were statistically significant, although not always clinically meaningful. Conclusions: ChatGPT-4o Pro outperforms other chatbots in delivering structured, readable, and guideline-concordant breastfeeding information. However, substantial variability persists across the platforms, and none should be considered a substitute for professional guidance. Importantly, the phenomenon of AI hallucinations—where chatbots may generate factually incorrect or fabricated information—remains a critical risk that must be addressed to ensure safe integration into maternal health communication. Future efforts should focus on improving the transparency, accuracy, and multilingual reliability of AI chatbots to ensure their safe integration into maternal health communications.

Background/Objectives: Cesarean delivery often leads to delayed breastfeeding initiation, potentially affecting infant health compared with vaginal delivery. This prospective observational study (conducted between August 2022 and January 2024) comparatively evaluates the impact of delivery method—vaginal, planned cesarean, and emergency cesarean—on breastfeeding initiation and continuation and examines the maternal factors influencing these outcomes. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 338 mother–infant pairs at a tertiary university hospital. Breastfeeding effectiveness was assessed using the Bristol Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (BBAT) at birth and at one, three, and six months postpartum. Rates of breastfeeding continuation and formula supplementation were documented through structured interviews. Results: The mothers who delivered vaginally had a significantly higher rate of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (85.5%) compared with planned (57.9%) and emergency cesarean sections (64.9%) (p < 0.001). Baseline BBAT scores were higher for vaginal births but converged across the groups by one month postpartum (p > 0.05). At six months, breastfeeding continuation rates remained high (94.4–95.2%) irrespective of delivery method. Conclusions: Delivery method exerts a transient effect on breastfeeding initiation. With lactation support, the mothers delivering by cesarean section achieved comparable breastfeeding outcomes within the first month postpartum. These findings reinforce the importance of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) practices, including immediate skin-to-skin contact, effective pain management, and lactation counseling, in ensuring equitable breastfeeding outcomes.

The effect of stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery on sexual function and quality of life - Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association

Objective: The question of whether severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection influences ovarian function and oocyte quality has arisen as angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptors, which facilitates viral infection, are found on reproductive system tissues, including the vagina, placenta, uterus, and ovaries. The primary objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the impact of SARSCoV-2, on ovarian function, with a focus on anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and acute phase reactant levels in patients well after recovery from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Material and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a single center between October 2020 and June 2021. In order to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on ovarian reserve, 34 non-pregnant women of reproductive age (24-38 years) with COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction positivity were included. Results: The difference between AMH levels measured 6 months after COVID-19 infection and baseline AMH levels was-0.31 +/- 0.80 ng/dL on average and-0.25 (-2.1-1.3) ng/dL on median. Significant correlations were observed between the change in AMH levels and white blood cell levels (r=-0.434, p=0.010), lymphocyte levels (r=-0.361, p=0.036), C-reactive protein levels (r=0.542, p=0.001), ferritin levels (r=0.570, p=0.001) and procalcitonin levels (r=0.598, p=0.001). Conclusion: We believe this is the first study to examine whether there is a correlation between the late results of COVID-19 and ovarian function. In this cohort, AMH values decreased 6-months after recovery from COVID-19 and a correlation was found between measures of disease severity and the magnitude of decrease in AMH. However, the study was underpowered and future larger studies are required to validate these findings. (J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2024; 25: 231-7)

The endometrioma accompanying hydrosalpinx can affect the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF). We aimed to determine the incidence of hydrosalpinx in infertile patients with endometrioma and its effects on in vitro fertilization success. In our retrospective study, we performed hysterosalpingography (HSG) on patients diagnosed with endometrioma through ultrasound evaluation. Then, we performed diagnostic laparoscopy on patients with suspected tubal pathology and/or hydrosalpinx after HSG assessment. Laparoscopic tubal occlusion was performed for patients with hydrosalpinx. HSG was performed on 760 patients diagnosed with ovarian endometriosis. After the assessment of HSG images, hydrosalpinx was detected in 184 of 760 patients (24.2%) and diagnostic laparoscopy was performed. Unilateral or bilateral hydrosalpinx were detected at 65 of 184 (35.3%) patients. Laparoscopy and proximal tubal occlusion were performed in these patients. Incidence of hydrosalpinx was found to be 8.5% in IVF patients with ovarian endometrioma. Tubal patency screening may be considered for the patients with endometrioma before embryo transfer to prevent IVF failure due to hydrosalpinx.