The yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is limited by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures, which frequently occur simultaneously under field conditions. This study examined 100 bean genotypes under three environmental conditions, namely, the rainy season (optimal conditions), full irrigation in the dry season (high-temperature stress), and terminal drought in the dry season (combined stress), via a 10 × 10 triple-lattice design. Agronomic parameters evaluated included days to flowering (DF), days to physiological maturity (DM), plant height (PH), aerial biomass (BIO), grain yield (YLD), and 100-seed weight (100SW). The natural temperature exceeded 35 °C during the reproductive stage of the dry season. Combined stress revealed differential adaptive mechanisms in the tested germplasms, indicating that the response to multiple stresses is more complex than the sum of individual stress responses. The average yield under optimal conditions was 1344 kg/ha, decreasing to 889 kg/ha (66.1%) under irrigation with high temperatures and to 317 kg/ha (23.6%) under terminal drought with high temperatures. Under terminal drought with high temperatures, the number of days to maturity decreased by 5%, and the seed weight decreased by 20%. The G69-33-PT and G-19158 genotypes presented high yields under high-temperature stress, with yields above 1800 kg/ha, suggesting specific physiological mechanisms for tolerance to elevated temperatures. Under combined stress, genotypes G69-Sel25, Pinto Mestizo, and Dalia presented yields above 680 kg/ha, indicating adaptations in terms of water use efficiency and tolerance to high temperature. The identification of genotypes with differential stress tolerance provides valuable genetic resources for breeding programs. The diverse origins of superior germplasms (bred lines, landraces, and commercial cultivars) highlight the importance of exploring various germplasms in the search for sources of abiotic stress tolerance for breeding projects aimed at developing cultivars adapted to climate change scenarios where drought and high temperatures occur simultaneously.

The seed yield of 28 bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines from different crosses and two check cultivars was evaluated under rainfed conditions in two sites in North-Central Mexico. The aim was to identify high-yielding lines with low genotype–environment interactions (GEIs). Trials were conducted under a 6 × 5 square lattice design with four replicates; due to the lack of rainfall in Zacatecas, the trial was helped with supplemental irrigation. Data were analyzed by location and combined to determine the effects of GEIs using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model (AMMI) model. The combined analysis showed that 75.45% of the yield variation among lines was due to the effect of the environment, 11.75% was due to genotypes, and 12.79% was due to GEIs. Lines 5 and 10 displayed the highest yield, which slightly surpassed the checks (2.1 and 0.11%, respectively) and showed greater stability than those in the test environments. The AMMI analysis allowed for the selection of stable and high-yielding lines under drought conditions. Data on the weight and yield per hectare of a hundred seeds between and within locations identified lines 5, 10, and 16 as outstanding and capable of being used as a parent in a future hybridization program or as a new cultivar with drought tolerance.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production is severely constrained by water deficit, affecting approximately 60% of global production. Identifying genotypes that combine high yield with phenotypic stability under rainfed and water-limited conditions is critical for sustainable production in climate-variable regions. One hundred bean genotypes were evaluated across six environments defined by two locations (Celaya, Guanajuato, and La Llave, Querétaro), two growing seasons (2023–2024), and two moisture regimes at Celaya (rainfed and rainfed plus rescue [2023] or supplemental drip [2024] irrigation), using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications per environment. Drought tolerance indices (GMP, STI, DSI) calculated from the Celaya 2023 rainfed versus rescue-irrigation contrast and GGE biplot analysis were applied to characterize genotypic adaptation and stability. The environment explained 44.1% of the total sum of squares for grain yield, and the G × E interaction (22.5%) exceeded the genotype effect (12.5%). Compared with 2024, a moisture deficit (14.7 mm vs. 88.2 mm in 2024) in September 2023 reduced the mean rainfed yield at Celaya by 24%, and rescue irrigation increased the yield by 57.3%. STI and GMP identified genotypes with high productive capacity under contrasting moisture conditions (STI > 1.30 and rainfed yield > 1450 kg ha⁻¹): FJ 6X6 T33 (STI = 2.169), GPO 69 1E 18 FM (STI = 1.769), FR21 Gpo 69 8 L7 FJ (STI = 1.697), SCR 16 (STI = 1.679), G69 SEL 16 FM (STI = 1.558), Trat 9 SEG 61 FJ (STI = 1.480), and FR-21 GP 061 60 L-7 (STI = 1.322). Among these, G69 SEL 16 FM, Trat 9 SEG 61 FJ, and FR-21 GP 061 60 L-7 also showed lower relative susceptibility to moisture deficit (DSI = 0.785, 0.958, and 0.997, respectively), a performance dimension not captured by STI or GMP alone. The Celaya 2023 stress-tolerance ranking showed a significant positive association with grain yield performance across four additional, independent environments not used in the index calculation (Spearman’s ρ = 0.495, p < 0.001), and SCR 16 ranked first among all 100 genotypes in terms of both the independent and overall six-environment means. Interspecific lines P. SaltilloXTA-245-1-2-2 and P. SaltilloXTA-245-1-2-4 showed superior specific adaptation under severely limiting rainfed conditions at La Llave in 2023. GGE biplot analysis differentiated three preliminary environmental groupings in the Bajío region, suggesting differential patterns of genotypic adaptation across contrasting production conditions. Multi-environment evaluation revealed germplasm accessions with both broad and specific adaptations to rainfed and water-limited conditions in the Bajío region. The integrated approach combining tolerance indices, independent-environment validation, and GGE biplot analysis provides a useful methodological framework for the breeding of drought-resilient common bean.