This paper finds that pavement treatment short-term effectiveness in international roughness index (IRI) follows a polynomial relationship with a pretreatment pavement condition. Pretreatment pavement condition is an influential factor of the treatment effectiveness in the short term. This paper finds that (1) hot mill overlay can offer average reductions in IRI of 1.44 m/km IRI; (2) crack sealing can offer average reductions in IRI of 0.27 m/km IRI; (3) aggregate seal can offer average reductions in IRI of 0.31 m/km; and (4) chip seal can offer average reductions of 0.72.

The growing demand for equitable and efficient transportation solutions has positioned autonomous vehicles (AVs) as a transformative technology with significant potential for rural areas. This literature review examines the challenges and opportunities associated with AV deployment in rural environments, characterized by sparse infrastructure, diverse road conditions, and aging populations. Using a systematic analysis of field tests, simulation-based studies, and survey research, key obstacles are identified, including limited lane markings, unpaved roads, digital connectivity gaps, and user acceptance issues. The results highlight the critical role of advancements in sensor technology, localization methods, and edge computing in addressing these barriers. Additionally, strategic infrastructure modifications, such as enhanced road signage and reliable communication systems, are essential for AV integration. This paper emphasizes the need for tailored AV solutions to meet the specific requirements of rural settings, including adaptability to adverse weather conditions and mixed traffic environments. Insights into public perception reveal the importance of trust-building initiatives and community engagement to foster widespread acceptance. The findings provide actionable recommendations for policymakers, industry leaders, and infrastructure operators, focusing on scalable deployment strategies, policy adaptations, and sustainable solutions. By addressing these challenges, AVs enhance mobility, safety, and accessibility, transforming rural transportation networks into more equitable and efficient systems. This review serves as a foundational reference for future research, charting pathways for the integration of AVs in rural contexts.