The process of software testing is of utmost importance and requires a major allocation of resources. It has a substantial influence on the quality and dependability of software products. Nevertheless, as the quantity of test cases escalates, the feasibility of executing all of them diminishes, and the accompanying expenses related to preparation, execution time, and upkeep grow excessively exorbitant. The objective of Test Redundancy Reduction (TRR) is to mitigate this issue by determining a minimal subset of the test suite that satisfies all the requirements of the primary test suite while lowering the number of test cases. In order to attain this objective, multiple methodologies have been suggested, encompassing heuristics, meta-heuristics, exact algorithms, hybrid approaches, and machine-learning techniques. This work provides a thorough examination of prior research on TRR, addressing deficiencies and making a valuable contribution to the current scholarly understanding. The literature study encompasses a comprehensive examination of the complete chronology of TRR, incorporating all pertinent scholarly articles and practitioner-authored research papers published in English. This study aims to provide managers with valuable insights into the strengths and shortcomings of different TRR methodologies, enabling them to make well-informed decisions regarding the most appropriate approach for their specific needs. The primary objective of this study is to offer a comprehensive analysis of Test Result Reduction (TRR) and its consequential impact on mitigating expenses related to software testing. This study makes a valuable contribution to extant literature by elucidating the present state-of-the-art and delineating potential avenues for future research.

The capstone project course, typically offered in the final year of undergraduate studies, is a key part of engineering education that focuses on hands-on learning. These projects give students the chance to tackle real-world problems using the technical skills and soft skills they have developed during their studies. The main goal is to apply practical engineering methods to solve actual client needs, helping students transition from academic learning to professional practice. This study reviews research on final-year capstone projects from 2015 to 2024 across various engineering subjects. We also note the growing use of capstone projects in non-engineering programs, showing a trend toward experiential learning in higher education. By synthesizing the existing literature, this review highlights the benefits, challenges, and best practices associated with capstone projects. It provides valuable insights for researchers, educators, and curriculum developers who aim to enhance engineering education and improve student outcomes through effective capstone project integration and implementation.