In this study, we compared the digestibility levels and in vitro fermentation parameters of total mixed rations (TMRs) containing 20% and 40% defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSF) as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in the basal ration (60% roughage/40% concentrated feed) of dairy cows. We evaluated the volatile fatty acid (VFA), total gas production, methane emission, ammonia, pH, carbon dioxide, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) of the TMR0 (basal), TMR20 (20% BSF included), and TMR40 (40% BSF included) diets at the end of 24 and 48 h of incubation. Significantly lower levels of ammonia formation were found in the TMR20 and TMR40 groups at 24 and 48 h (p < 0.001). An increase in total VFA levels was observed in the TMR0 group at 24 h (p < 0.001). The highest IVDMD was determined in TMR20 and TMR40 at 24 h. The highest IVNDFD value was observed in TMR20 at 24 h and in TMR40 at 48 h. The substitution of 20% and 40% of SBM with BSF positively affected IVDMD and IVNDFD (p < 0.001). TMR20 and TMR40 had the highest cumulative gas production at 48 h of incubation (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of BSF had a positive impact on digestibility and in vitro rumen fermentation. Therefore, we recommend the use of BSF in formulating dairy cow rations.

This study evaluated the effects of partially or fully replacing poultry fat with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) fat on faecal parameters, blood biochemistry, immune responses, nutrient digestibility, food preference, and lipid oxidation in dogs. A total of 18 adult Golden Retriever dogs (6 dogs per diet group) were subjected to a digestibility trial for 30 days. Three experimental diets were formulated: a control diet (6% poultry fat), BSF3 (3% poultry fat +3% BSF larvae fat), and BSF6 (6% BSF larvae fat). Serum biochemical parameters, including blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, AST, ALT, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, and immunoglobulin levels (IgE and IgG), were analysed from blood samples collected from all dogs. Faecal consistency scores were recorded over 5 days, and faecal pH, ammonia nitrogen (ammonia-N), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations were determined during the final three days of the digestibility trial. Seven days after the digestibility trial, a modified two-bowl preference test was conducted over four days using 20 dogs to assess the palatability of the control and BSF6 diets. Lipid oxidation in the diets was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs, mg MDA/kg) at baseline (day 0) and after 2, 4, 7, and 10 months of storage at ambient temperature (23–25 °C). BSF6 exhibited the lowest dry matter and organic matter digestibility percentages (p < 0.05). Protein digestibility was reduced in both BSF3 and BSF6, while ether extract digestibility was significantly lower in BSF6 compared to the control diet (p < 0.05). The replacement of poultry fat with BSF larvae fat had no significant effect on serum biochemical parameters or IgE and IgG levels (p > 0.05). Faecal acetic acid concentrations were higher in the control group compared to BSF3 and BSF6, whereas faecal valeric acid concentrations were lower in the control group than in the BSF3 and BSF6 groups (p < 0.05). Although faecal pH and consistency scores were not significantly influenced by the dietary fat source, the total SCFA concentrations in faeces decreased with the substitution of BSF larvae fat (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dogs demonstrated a higher preference rate for the control diet over the BSF6 diet (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of BSF larvae fat in dry dog food formulations reduced nutrient digestibility and palatability but had no adverse effects on the health status of the dogs.

Mulberry (Morus alba) by-products represent underutilized feed resources with potential for ruminant nutrition. This study evaluated the rumen fermentation kinetics and rumen digestibility of dried mulberry pomace (MP) and leaf (ML) to determine optimal inclusion strategies in dairy cattle diets. Mulberry pomace (MP) and mulberry leaf (ML) were sun-dried and incorporated at 50% substitution levels into total mixed rations (TMR) with varying concentrations (30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). This created ten treatment groups: 30NP through 50NP (pomace-supplemented, where the number represents basal TMR NDF%) and 30NL through 50NL (leaf-supplemented), plus control groups containing only MP or ML and five basal TMR controls (30N through 50N). Rumen fluid was collected from two non-lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas. Chemical analysis revealed that ML contained 19% crude protein and 27.4% NDF, while MP contained 14.9% crude protein and 35.8% NDF. The highest gas production was observed in the 45NP (43.20 mL) and 50NL (43.50 mL) groups. Results demonstrated that MP achieved optimal fermentation when combined with 40–45% NDF TMR (maximum total volatile fatty acid (VFA): 88.86 mmol/L in 40NP at 48 h), whereas ML performed best with 45% NDF TMR (45NL: 88.03 mmol/L total VFA), indicating these as the most promising treatment combinations for ruminant feeding systems pending in vivo validation. Acetate proportions were higher in ML groups (84–96%), while propionate ratios were elevated in MP groups. Both materials maintained optimal ruminal pH (6.2–6.8). In vitro NDF digestibility was significantly higher for ML, with differences increasing from 2.97% at 2 h to 16.44% at 240 h. In situ degradation of MP was nearly complete at 48 h, while ML reached maximum degradation at 24 h. These findings indicate the potential of MP and ML as valuable alternative feed sources for ruminants, particularly in TMRs containing 40–45% NDF.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of dried white mulberry pomace on yield performance in lambs. study used 42 weaned Merino lambs, bothmale and female, at 3 months of age. The experiment was conducted in 3 groups:control, MP150 (150 grams of mulberry pomace), and MP300 (300 grams ofmulberry pomace), each containing 7 male and 7 female lambs. The lambs weresubjected to a 14-day phase of adaption and 90-day fattening period feeding, andperformance parameters were examined in 15-day intervals. Blood samples werecollected from the lambs during the experiments beginning, middle, and end ofanalyze metabolic profile parameters. The average increase in live weight in thestudy was determined as 60,9% in the MP150 group, 58,7% in the MP300 group, and46.7% in the control group. The daily average live weight gains were found to be 0,20kg/day in the MP150 group, 0,18 kg/day in the MP300 group, and 0,16 kg/day inthe control group, although there was no statistically significant difference betweenthe groups (p>0,05). There was no noticeable difference detected between groupsin dry matter consumption (p>0,05). Changes were observed in metabolic profileparameters, but there were no discernible variations in terms of group and group ×time interactions (p>0,05). Consequently, it may be claimed that mulberry pomacehas positive effects on daily and average live weight gains, feed consumption, andfeed efficiency ratios of lambs. In line with the effects of mulberry pomace, it showsthat it has alternative feed source potential. This study, in which mulberry pomace isexamined in many aspects, is thought to guide future research.

There is a continuous search for healthy food ingredients for dog diets that do not compete with human consumption. Grains, which have been recently claime

Bu çalışmada streptozotosin uygulanarak diyabet oluşturulan ratlarda beyaz dut ekstraktının kan serumlarında antioksidan etkileri, karaciğer dokusu histopatoloji, antienflamatuar özelliği ve ratlarda performans parametreleri üzerine etkisi araştırıldı. Deney grupları, kontrol grubu (K, n:5), streptozotosin uygulanan deney grubu 1 (DG 1, n:6), dut ekstraktı uygulanan deney grubu 2 (DG 2, n:7), streptozotosin ve dut ekstraktının birlikte uygulandığı deney grubu 3 (DG 3, n:6) olmak üzere toplam 24 adet hayvandan oluşturuldu. Karaciğer dokusunun yapısındaki vasküler konjesyon K ve DG 2’de 2 hayvanda, DG 3’te 1 hayvanda tespit edilmesine rağmen, DG 1’de bütün hayvanlarda belirlenmiştir (P<0,05). Karaciğer dokusunun yangı bulguları K’da görülmezken, DG 2’de 2 adet hayvanda hafif şekilde, DG 1’deki tüm hayvanlarda gözlenmiştir. Karaciğer dokusundaki dejenerasyon kontrol grubunda görülmezken, DG 2’de 1 adet, DG 1’de ise tüm hayvanlarda görülmüştür (P0,05), Paraoksonaz (PON) aktiviteleri arasındaki fark önemli düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P<0,05). Canlı ağırlık artışı kontrol grubunda 150,03 g., DG 2 de 114,93g. olarak gerçekleşmiştir (P0,05). Sonuç olarak araştırmada ratlara uygulanan dut ekstraktının karaciğer dokusunda vasküler konjesyon, yangı ve dejenerasyon olgularını önemli derecelerde azalttığı ve antienflamatuar etkisi gösterebileceği söylenebilir.