Background/Objectives: Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1) is known as an enhancer of collagen fiber deposition and cross-linking stability. However, there is limited information on its function in tumors. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the function and potential mechanism of action of PLOD1 across cancers. Methods: We assessed the pan-cancer expression, mutation, methylation and prognostic value of PLOD1 through multiple online databases. In addition, we performed correlation analyses of its immunological features, as well as functional assessment analyses of PLOD1. Finally, we assessed the effect of PLOD1 knockdown on bladder tumor cells using in vitro experiments. Results: Our findings suggest that PLOD1 is aberrantly expressed in multiple cancer types, accompanied by a poor prognosis. Epigenetic alterations in PLOD1 are highly heterogeneous across a wide range of tumors, and aberrant methylation and copy number variants correlate with a poor prognosis. In the tumor microenvironment, PLOD1 expression correlated positively with the infiltration level of various immunosuppressive cells (e.g., monocytes, macrophages and tumor-associated fibroblasts) and negatively with immune-killing cells (e.g., CD8⁺ T cells, B cells and CD4⁺ T cells). In addition, PLOD1 expression was associated with immune checkpoints and immunomodulatory genes. Finally, in vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of PLOD1 reduced the proliferation, migration and antiapoptotic abilities of T24 cells. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that PLOD1 is a potential oncogene and prognostic biomarker in pan-cancer; tumor tissues with high PLOD1 expression reveal a relatively immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

Background: Radical nephrectomy (RN) and partial nephrectomy (PN) are common surgical treatments for T1 stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, the long-term impact of these surgical approaches on prognosis and renal function remains an area of ongoing investigation. This study compared the effects of these procedures on prognosis and renal function. Methods: The data of 1,030 T1 stage RCC patients treated at Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute between January 2014 and August 2022 were analyzed. The primary endpoints of the study were overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The secondary endpoints included the annual mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the average annual eGFR change rates. Results: Based on a median follow-up time of 57 months, the OS and CSS rates were 96.6% and 98.5% in the overall cohort, respectively. The multivariate analysis identified age [hazard ratio (HR), 2.664; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.147–6.192; P=0.02], tumor grade (HR, 2.247; 95% CI: 1.050–4.810; P=0.04), and surgical approach (HR, 2.585; 95% CI: 1.056–6.325; P=0.04) as adverse prognostic factors for OS, and age (HR, 4.603; 95% CI: 1.035–20.471; P=0.045) and tumor grade (HR, 4.972; 95% CI: 1.752–14.111; P=0.003) as adverse prognostic factors for CSS. Throughout the follow-up period, the eGFR of the RN patients showed a gradual increase, while that of the PN patients remained stable (P<0.001). Among the patients with preoperative diabetes, the eGFR of the RN patients decreased significantly compared to that of the PN patients (P=0.03). Conclusions: T1 stage RCC has a favorable prognosis with surgery, and PN is an oncologically safe option. A persistent eGFR difference was observed between the PN and RN groups, with RN showing a gradual upward trend. However, patients with pre-existing diabetes experienced a greater decline in renal function after RN, which highlights the advantages of PN for such patients.

Disitamab Vedotin has shown good therapeutic efficacy against bladder cancer. Although its mechanism is clear, the regulation of gene expression in bladder cancer cells by Disitamab Vedotin is not fully understood. We searched the GEO database and identified the GSE237789 dataset, in which researchers treated the bladder cancer cell line SW780 with Disitamab Vedotin and performed high-throughput transcriptome sequencing. Compared with the control SW780 cells, the expression levels of the vast majority of genes (16,223/16,390, 98.98%) in Disitamab Vedotin-treated SW780 cells remained unchanged. Only one hundred fifty-nine genes (0.97%) were upregulated, and eight genes (0.05%) were downregulated. Enrichment analysis results showed that the related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the TNF signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and other pathways. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that 10 genes, TNF, IL1B, IL1A, CXCL8, CXCL1, CCL2, MMP9, ICAM1, CXCL10, and CCL20, had the highest connectivity, and all of these genes belong to the TNF signaling pathway. These results suggest that the TNF signaling pathway is the key pathway regulated by Disitamab Vedotin in bladder cancer cells, which may represent a stress response of bladder cancer cells to Disitamab Vedotin.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between HER-2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, biochemical recurrence (BCR) rate, and BCR-free survival in localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: Between January 2018 and December 2019, 44 patients with pathologically confirmed localized PCa who underwent RP were included in this study. According to the expressed level of HER-2 protein, patients were divided into four cohorts: cohort-1 (HER-2 0), cohort-2 (HER-2 1+ or 2+), cohort-3 (HER-2 0 or 1+), and cohort-4 (HER-2 2+); the clinicopathological and clinical outcomes were analyzed and compared between cohort-1 and cohort-2, and cohort-3 and cohort-4, respectively. Univariable and multivariable COX regression models and Kaplan–Meier curves were used to determine the association between HER-2 expression and clinicopathological outcomes, including Gleason score (GS), pathological T (pT) stage, positive surgical margins (PSM), and BCR-free survival, respectively. Results: The median follow-up time was 43 months (IQR 35–49). Among the 44 patients, 20 (45.5%) exhibited HER-2 immuno-reactivity, including 14 (31.8%) with HER-2 1+, 6 (13.64%) with HER-2 2+, and 0 (0%) with HER-2 3+ staining. The proportion of patients with PSM was significantly lower in the HER-2 0 group than in those with HER-2 1+ or 2+ (25.0% vs. 65.0%, p = 0.008). Multivariable logistics regression models revealed that HER-2 1+ or 2+ was an independent risk factor that was strongly associated with a higher proportion of PSM (OR, 2.69; 95% CI, 0.62–11.71, p = 0.042). A total of 18 (40.9%) patients experienced BCR after surgery, including 6 (25%) in cohort-1 and 12 (60.0%) in cohort-2 (p = 0.019), as well as 13 (34.2%) in cohort-3 and 5 (83.3%) in cohort-4 (p = 0.023). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients in cohort-1 (HER-2 0) had significantly longer BCR-free survival than those in cohort-2 (HER-2 1+ or 2+) (p < 0.001), and those in cohort-3 had longer BCR-free survival than those in cohort-4 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, patients with PSM showed significantly shorter BCR-free survival compared to those with patients with negative surgical margins (NSM) (p = 0.005). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that HER-2 1+, 2+ (HR, 17.00; 95% CI, 1.38–210.22, p < 0.001), HER-2 2+ (HR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.23–3.25, p = 0.004), and PSM (HR, 6.12; 95% CI, 3.08–11.72, p = 0.007) were all significant independent predictors of BCR following surgery. Conclusions: HER-2 expression is a common phenomenon in PCa; nearly half of the proportion of localized PCa had HER-2 1+ or 2+, but the cases that expressed HER-2 3+ were rare. Cases with HER-2 1+ or 2+ were more likely to develop BCR compared with HER-2 0. The HER-2 1+ or 2+ expression was closely associated with a higher incidence of PSM and was an independent predictor of shorter BCR-free survival in patients with localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urinary system. Identifying new potential therapeutic targets and exploring molecular mechanisms are crucial for improving treatment and prognosis. The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel 2, known to play a key role in various physiological and pathological processes, has an unclear function and mechanism of action in bladder cancer. We employed bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemistry to assess the role of HCN2 in bladder cancer, integrating in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the impact of HCN2 on cell behavior. Molecular interactions were characterized using immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Our investigation revealed a significant upregulation of HCN2 in bladder cancer tissues, which was predictive of a poorer clinical outcome. Functionally, HCN2 knockdown in bladder cancer impeded cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and curtailed migration and invasion. Mechanistically, the overexpression of HCN2 contributed to the translocation of the REST transcription factor into the nucleus and facilitated its binding to the BGN promoter for transcriptional activation of its expression. This regulatory mechanism was shown to suppress ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, thereby enhancing the proliferative and tumorigenesis of bladder cancer cells. This study uncovers the novel mechanism by which HCN2 regulates ferroptosis via the REST-BGN axis, affecting bladder cancer cell behavior, and provides new perspectives and strategies for future clinical treatment.

Background/Objectives: This study evaluated neoadjuvant disitamab vedotin plus programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade and associations of post-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) with response and progression-free survival (PFS) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort included 71 patients with cT2–T3N0M0, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-expressing disease treated between September 2021 and October 2025. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses evaluated response endpoints; Kaplan–Meier and Cox methods evaluated PFS. Benjamini–Hochberg correction was applied separately to response analyses. Results: Complete response (CR), objective response, and disease control rates were 66.2%, 84.5%, and 88.7%. Of 47 CRs, 5 were cystectomy-confirmed pathological CR (pCR) and 42 were clinical CR (cCR). Response associations did not remain significant after correction (minimum q = 0.082). AUCs were 0.659–0.708. In a two-variable Cox model based on 14 PFS events, treatment cycles (HR 0.615, 95% CI 0.419–0.903; p = 0.013) and SII per 100 units (HR 1.205, 95% CI 1.073–1.355; p = 0.002) were associated with PFS, but these estimates require cautious interpretation. Two deaths occurred. Conclusions: Neoadjuvant disitamab vedotin plus PD-1 blockade showed promising antitumor activity. The pooled CR endpoint may overestimate pathological response and is not directly comparable with cystectomy-confirmed pCR. Without standardized pretreatment NLR and SII measurements, reverse causality cannot be excluded. Response associations and PFS findings based on 14 events require cautious interpretation and prospective validation.