This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents of C. odorata leaves and stems and to evaluate their antioxidant, total phenol, α-glucosidase, and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS)-based metabolite profiling combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to correlate metabolite composition with functional activities, providing comprehensive insights into the metabolomic diversity and bioactive differentiation between plant parts. The plant materials were extracted using 70% and 100% ethanol for 24 h. The leaf extract of ethanol 70% (EtOH 70) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 223.33 ± 9.20 µg/mL) and total phenolic content (113.15 mg GAE/g), while the stem EtOH 70% extract showed the strongest antidiabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (78.57%). Although appearing less potent, all extracts showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity, such as Staphylococcus aureus (highest value at 9.31 mm), Escherichia coli (highest value at 9.92 mm), and Salmonella typhimurium (highest value at 9.00 mm). Comparing the plant parts, leaf extracts generally showed more potent activity than stem extracts, particularly evident against E. coli (e.g., Leaf EtOH 70% at 5 mg/mL: 9.92 mm vs. Stem EtOH 70%: 7.97 mm). LC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the result indicates that C. odorata is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and antibacterial potency. The findings advance existing knowledge beyond earlier phytochemical or single-activity studies, offering a more holistic understanding of C. odorata’s therapeutic potential and its relevance for natural product development.

Tamarindus indica leaves are recognized for their potent antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties, whereas Murraya paniculata leaves are known for their abilities to lower lipids and glucose levels. This study aimed to assess the combined extract of both leaves against pancreatic lipase inhibition and analyze their metabolomic profiles as an initial step toward developing a polyherbal treatment for hypertriglyceridemia. The extracts were subjected to Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometer (LC-HRMS) untargeted system coupled with Compounds Discoverer software to reveal their metabolomic profile. Subsequently, both individual extracts and their combination were evaluated for anti-lipase activity using pancreatic lipase enzyme with p-nitrophenyl butyrate as the substrate. The combination of the two extracts (0-300 μg/mL, 300 μg/mL in total) was prepared following the Simplex Lattice Experimental Design with 5 different composition variations. Results: The findings indicated that Tamarindus indica leaf extract (TIE) predominantly exhibited lipase inhibitory activity. Interestingly, the addition of Murraya paniculata extract (MPE) diminished this enzyme inhibitory effect. TIE was found to be rich in polyhydroxy flavonoids followed by fatty amides, whereas MPE contained mainly polymethoxy flavonoids, fatty amides, and coumarins. The presence of fatty amides in both extracts was identified as a potential cause for this incompatibility. In summary, Tamarindus indica leaf extract demonstrated strong lipase inhibition; however, its effectiveness was reduced when combined with Murraya paniculata extract, possibly due to primary fatty amides. Further research is necessary to explore strategies for eliminating these compounds and confirming their impact in vivo.

The adverse side effects of synthetic triglyceride-lowering medications, such as muscle pain and liver damage, highlight the need for safer alternatives from natural sources. This study investigates the potential of bioactive compounds in Murraya paniculata leaf extract (MPE) to inhibit pancreatic lipase, a critical enzyme in fat metabolism. Dried M. paniculata leaves were macerated in 70% ethanol, and their phytochemical composition was analyzed using LC-HRMS. Pancreatic lipase inhibition was assessed via enzymatic assays, and the mode of inhibition was evaluated using Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Molecular docking studies identified compounds with strong binding affinities to lipase. The phytochemical profile, determined by metabolomic profiling, was diverse and predominantly composed (53%) of methoxylated flavonoids, including nobiletin and tangeretin. In enzymatic assays, the extract exhibited a non-competitive inhibition mechanism against lipase. This was evidenced by a significant decrease in Vmax (2.84 μM/min vs. 3.83 μM/min for the solvent control) and no significant change in Km (0.860 mM vs. 0.809 mM). Molecular docking identified compounds such as nobiletin, tangeretin, schaftoside, orientin, and quercetin derivatives with binding affinities surpassing orlistat, a clinical lipase inhibitor. The extract of M. paniculata exhibits significant lipase inhibitory activity, primarily attributed to methoxylated flavonoids and other bioactive compounds. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of MPE in managing metabolic disorders, suggesting further exploration into its application for hypertriglyceridemia and cardiovascular health.