This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents of C. odorata leaves and stems and to evaluate their antioxidant, total phenol, α-glucosidase, and antibacterial activities. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS)-based metabolite profiling combined with principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to correlate metabolite composition with functional activities, providing comprehensive insights into the metabolomic diversity and bioactive differentiation between plant parts. The plant materials were extracted using 70% and 100% ethanol for 24 h. The leaf extract of ethanol 70% (EtOH 70) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ of 223.33 ± 9.20 µg/mL) and total phenolic content (113.15 mg GAE/g), while the stem EtOH 70% extract showed the strongest antidiabetic activity through α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (78.57%). Although appearing less potent, all extracts showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity, such as Staphylococcus aureus (highest value at 9.31 mm), Escherichia coli (highest value at 9.92 mm), and Salmonella typhimurium (highest value at 9.00 mm). Comparing the plant parts, leaf extracts generally showed more potent activity than stem extracts, particularly evident against E. coli (e.g., Leaf EtOH 70% at 5 mg/mL: 9.92 mm vs. Stem EtOH 70%: 7.97 mm). LC-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the result indicates that C. odorata is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and antibacterial potency. The findings advance existing knowledge beyond earlier phytochemical or single-activity studies, offering a more holistic understanding of C. odorata’s therapeutic potential and its relevance for natural product development.

Fermented soybean products are traditional foods commonly consumed in many Asian countries and contain various bioactive compounds, including isoflavones and bioactive peptides, that may contribute to their potential health benefits. Evidence from previous studies has suggested that fermented soybean products may be associated with antidiabetic-related activities, although the available evidence remains largely preclinical and heterogeneous. This study aimed to characterize research trends on fermented soybean and antidiabetic research through bibliometric analysis complemented by a narrative literature review. The bibliometric dataset was retrieved from Scopus on 29 July 2025 using the search query TITLE-ABS-KEY (fermented) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (soybean) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (antidiabetic). After applying the predefined language, document-type, and publication-period criteria, 74 records published from 2000 to July 2025 were included in the bibliometric analysis. The records were analyzed using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer. The results showed fluctuations in annual publication output, with South Korea representing a major contributing country and Hoseo University and the Korea Food Research Institute among the prominent contributing institutions. Frequently occurring author keywords included fermentation, soybean, and glucose, reflecting major research themes within the retrieved literature. The narrative review indicated that evidence for the potential antidiabetic-related effects of fermented soybean products is predominantly derived from preclinical research, including in vitro and animal studies, while human clinical evidence remains limited. Although some human studies have investigated fermented soybean-related interventions and metabolic outcomes, further well-designed clinical studies are needed to establish their efficacy and clarify their relevance to diabetes management. These findings provide an overview of the research landscape while highlighting important areas for further investigation.

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a low-cost, biodegradable biopolymer with excellent mechanical strength and water-holding capacity. It is an attractive material for sustainable food packaging; however, native BC lacks intrinsic antibacterial activity. In this study, silver-bacterial cellulose-Areca catechu nanocomposite biofilms were synthesized through in situ reduction of Ag⁺ on BC films, followed by impregnation with A. catechu fruit extract at concentrations of 0–30 mg/mL. The resulting films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling capacity, and color analysis. The films were evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the disk-diffusion method. SEM-EDX confirmed the successful deposition of silver nanoparticles within the BC matrix, while FTIR and XRD indicated changes in functional groups and crystallinity following film modification. The swelling capacity of the films ranged from approximately 145 to 370%, with the film containing 20 mg/mL extract exhibiting the highest capacity. The film containing 10 mg/mL extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 6.50 mm against both S. aureus and E. coli, outperforming the pure BC and Ag-BC films as well as the higher-concentration formulations. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) profiling of the A. catechu extract putatively identified more than 120 metabolites dominated by alkaloids such as arecoline and guvacoline. Other detected metabolites include catechin, protocatechuic acid, penicillic acid, nootkatone, and phytosphingosine, which are known to have antibacterial activity. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the developed nanocomposite biofilms are promising candidates, low-cost, and environmentally friendly antibacterial materials with potential for further development as active food packaging materials. Further safety and migration assessments are required to establish their suitability for direct food-contact applications.