In this research study the effects of adding nano fillers such as SiO₂, graphene nanoplatelets (Gnps) and biochar on to the weld pool of dissimilar AISI-SAE 1010 Steel- CDA 101 copper were investigated. The main aim of this research study was to investigate the effect of adding ceramic and carbon rich secondary reinforcements on to the friction stir weld (FSW) pool of dissimilar metals and its relative outcomes. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, % of elongation, hardness and fatigue strength were investigated in the form of the strength factor approach. According to the results, the highest strength factor of 98 was obtained for welds made using Gnps of about 1.0 wt.% with constant axial load of 5 kN, traverse speed of 30 mm/min, rotational speed of 900 rpm, dwell time of 5 s and plunging depth of 0.2 mm. The highest tensile strength of 225 MPa and a fatigue strength of 168 MPa was noted for the weld using 2 wt.% Gnps in the weld pool. However, the biochar addition of 2.0 wt.% on to the weld bead positioned the second highest strength factor of 88 due to its solid lubricity. In all the welding processes, large doses of fillers produced undesirable strength factor values. The microstructure of both the weld and tool shows desirable effects for nanoparticle assisted welds. The HAZ and TMAZ grains were refined due to the inclusion of the nanoparticles. The result shows that naturally acquired biochar nanoparticles have the potential of replacing high cost nanofillers in joining metals with more than 85% close to the high cost fillers for the same output. These properties improved dissimilar copper-steel welded plate joints that could be used in automotive, defence, aerospace and structural applications.

Climate change, clean air, renewable energy, nontoxic surroundings, and the opportunity to live in a healthy community are just few of the issues that environmental sustainability addresses. To improve environmental health and quality of life, several researchers have turned their attention to alternative energy sources like ethanol and oxyhydrogen. In latest years, significant progress has been made in the development of ethanol and hydrogen as clean energy sources. A higher octane rating is achieved by mixing ethanol with gasoline rather than using regular gasoline. A novel mix of oxyhydrogen, ethanol, and gasoline is ecologically friendly while simultaneously increasing the performance of gasoline engines. In this study, a nanoparticle‐coated piston on a low heat rejection gasoline engine fuelled by an ethanol‐gasoline mix with oxyhydrogen addition was investigated. It has been evaluated that thermal efficiency improved by up to 25% while fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 28% on a volume basis compared to the baseline engine. Furthermore, the decrease in harmful carbon monoxide reached around 10%, and the reduction in unburned hydrocarbon emissions reached 18%.

The present study investigates friction stir welded AA6065-10% Al₂O₃MMC by incorporating varying percentages of heat treated biosilica. The biosilica is first extracted from waste cassava peel, and it is heated under 1500°C, to get properly arranged crystalline structured biosilica particle. During friction stir welding process, the biosilica particle is dispersed around the welded zone, which in turn impacts load carrying capacity of the material. The study revealed that 3 vol.% of biosilica infused FSW composite ‘C’ shows maximum tensile strength of 276 MPa, yield strength of 238 MPa, impact energy of 20.8 J, elongation of 5.2%, fatigue strength of 176 MPa. Further, the 5 vol.% of biosilica infused FSW composite ‘D’ shows hardness strength of 121 Hv. Additionally, it has been discovered under microstructural analysis that the inclusion of fine-grained heat-treated biosilica exhibits the greatest dispersion of biosilica within the nugget zone, heat affected zone, and thermo mechanically affected zone, which affects the composite's overall strength characteristics. Thus, because of their less dense, better thermo mechanical properties, it could be influenced in areas where joint application, load bearing are needed such as aerospace, heavy industrial, infrastructural, transport and military sector.