This study focused on optimizing sago-starch-derived sodium starch glycolate (SSG) as a superdisintegrant using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The aim was to enhance the formulation performance by achieving an optimal degree of substitution (DS) in the synthesis of SSG from sago starch and evaluating its performance in mefenamic acid tablet formulation. The SSG was synthesized using an organic solvent slurry method, which involves crosslinking starch with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and substituting it with sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA). The reaction conditions, including the temperature, SMCA ratio, and reaction time, were optimized using the RSM. The optimal conditions were identified as a temperature range of 45–55 °C, an SMCA ratio of 0.75–1.5, and a reaction time of 120–240 min. The maximum predicted DS value was 0.24, with a validated DS value of 0.246 ± 0.021. The SSG-containing mefenamic acid formulation met USP standards and showed a superior disintegration time compared to the existing SSG. The optimized SSG derived from sago starch can be effectively used as a superdisintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations, offering a sustainable and economically viable alternative source of SSG. This contributes to the development of more effective drug delivery systems and promotes sustainable agriculture in Indonesia.

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a versatile cellulose ether with two standardized forms: highly substituted (H-HPC), which is water-soluble and thermoresponsive, and low-substituted (L-HPC), which is insoluble but swellable. This systematic review with bibliometric analysis aimed to map the global HPC research landscape (2005–2024), focusing on publication trends, research impact, and thematic directions. Original research articles and conference proceedings indexed in Scopus were included, while reviews and non-research items were excluded. The database was searched on 7 July 2025 using predefined strategies and analyzed using Excel for descriptive statistics and VOSviewer for network visualization. Risk of bias assessment was not applicable; data accuracy was ensured through duplicate removal and the use of standardized bibliometric indicators. A total of 1273 H-HPC and 92 L-HPC publications were analyzed. H-HPC research dominates multidisciplinary applications in drug delivery, 3D printing, thermochromic, and energy materials, whereas L-HPC remains focused on pharmaceutical disintegration and binding. Nevertheless, the field is constrained by reliance on commercial grades and a narrow application focus, leaving broader material innovations underexplored. HPC is positioned as a strategic polysaccharide derivative with expanding translational potential. Future studies should emphasize greener synthesis, advanced functionalization, and industrial scale-up. Funding: Supported by BRIN. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202590019.

Cassava starch is an abundant and underutilized natural resource with significant potential for pharmaceutical applications, yet its native form often exhibits suboptimal functionality as a binder. Physical modification methods, such as extrusion, offer a promising approach to enhance starch properties in an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly manner. This research focused on optimizing the extrusion process for producing partially pregelatinized cassava starch (PPCS) and assessing its potential application as a binder in tablet formulation. Optimization was conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with moisture content (30–40%) and extrusion temperature (30–45°C) as independent variables. The optimal condition—30% moisture and 45°C extrusion temperature—yielded a degree of gelatinization (DG) of 45.67% and solubility of 52.08%. Morphological analysis showed polygonal granules with retained birefringence and no granule damage, while X-ray diffraction revealed reduced relative crystallinity compared to native starch. The optimized PPCS exhibited superior flowability (13.81 g/s) and compressibility index (21.26%), outperforming native starch and Starch 1500. Tablet formulations using 45–50% PPCS binder showed promising physicomechanical properties, with tensile strength ranging from 1.31 to 1.76 MPa, friability below 3%, and rapid disintegration time under 2 minutes. Despite slightly lower tablet hardness (4.21–4.72 kg) compared to the benchmark, all values remained within acceptable specifications. These findings indicate that extruded PPCS is a cost-effective, energy-efficient, and high-performance binder for pharmaceutical tablet formulations, particularly those containing brittle medicinal powders. The extrusion method presents an effective physical modification process, enhancing cassava starch's functionality while preserving desirable granule features.

INPLASY202590019 Hydroxypropyl cellulose in sustainable functional materials: A two-decade research landscape analysis with translational insights Keywords: hydroxypropyl cellulose; bibliometric an…

Broken rice is an underutilized agro-industrial by-product with high starch content and potential for value-added applications. However, native starch has several limitations, including high hydrophilicity and relatively large particle size, which may restrict its broader functional use. This study investigated the modification of broken rice starch through acetylation followed by sulfuric-acid hydrolysis to obtain acetylated starch with reduced particle size. Acetylation was carried out using two acetic anhydride levels, namely 10 and 20 g/100 g starch, and reaction times of 15, 30, and 45 min. The modified starches were evaluated for acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS), and were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing acetic anhydride level and reaction time increased acetyl content and DS, with the highest DS value of 0.119 ± 0.004 obtained at 20 g/100 g starch and 45 min. After acid hydrolysis, the DS decreased to 0.055 ± 0.002. FTIR spectra indicated structural changes after acetylation and subsequent hydrolysis. The acid-hydrolyzed acetylated starch showed an average particle size of 557.72 ± 3.18 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.08 ± 0.03, a zeta potential of 3.10 ± 0.40 mV, and irregular surface morphology. These findings indicate that sequential acetylation and acid hydrolysis of broken rice starch produced an acetylated starch material with reduced particle size and altered surface characteristics. However, the low zeta potential suggests limited colloidal stability, indicating that further optimization is required before further application-related evaluation.