The characteristics of sago starch exhibit remarkable resemblances to those of cassava, potato, and maize starches. This review intends to discuss and summarize the synthesis and characterization of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago starch as a superdisintegrant from published journals using keywords in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). There are many methods for synthesizing sodium starch glycolate (SSG). Other methods may include the aqueous, extrusion, organic solvent slurry, and dry methods. Sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with significant development potential. After cross-linking, the phosphorus content of sago starch increases by approximately 0.3 mg/g, corresponding to approximately one phosphate ester group per 500 anhydroglucose units. The degree of substitution (DS) of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 0.25 to 0.30; in drug formulations, sodium starch glycolate (SSG) from sago ranges from 2% to 8% w/w. Higher levels of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) (2% and 4% w/w) resulted in shorter disintegration times (within 1 min). Sago starch is more swellable and less enzymatically digestible than pea and corn starch. These investigations demonstrate that sago starch is a novel form of high-yield starch with tremendous potential for novel development as superdisintegrant tablets and capsules.

Sago starch is a locally abundant starch indigenous of Indonesia. Despite its abundance, it is underutilized and restricted to food and packaging applications due to its limited functional characteristics. The value of native sago starch can be increased through modifications that improve its functionality, such as dual chemical modification. This sophisticated approach is more effective than single modification and makes the starch suitable for wider applications. Our study aimed to determine if dual chemical modification involving hydroxypropylation and succinylation would optimize the functional properties of sago starch. The sago starch was first modified by hydroxypropylation with 7 % (w/w) propylene oxide under alkaline conditions for 3 hours. This process resulted in hydroxypropylated starch with a substitution degree of 0.107. We then subjected the starch to succinylation using succinic anhydride at 1 % to 5 % of the starch weight in an alkaline solution for 2 hours.We achieved optimal functional characteristics of the dual-modified sago starch in the sample modified with 3 % (w/w) of succinic anhydride. The succinyl degree of substitution, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, swelling power, and solubility of the dual-modified starch were 0.093, 4.16 g g⁻¹ , 7.20 g g⁻¹, 34.25 g g⁻¹, and 16:55 %, respectively. We conducted pasting properties analyses, infrared spectroscopy, and morphological structure analysis to determine the changes in the characteristics of the sago starch after hydroxypropylation and succinylation. The dual chemical modification successfully enhanced the functional characteristics of sago starch, particularly, its amphiphilic ability and swelling power. These results warrant further research and development in commercial applications.

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a versatile cellulose ether with two standardized forms: highly substituted (H-HPC), which is water-soluble and thermoresponsive, and low-substituted (L-HPC), which is insoluble but swellable. This systematic review with bibliometric analysis aimed to map the global HPC research landscape (2005–2024), focusing on publication trends, research impact, and thematic directions. Original research articles and conference proceedings indexed in Scopus were included, while reviews and non-research items were excluded. The database was searched on 7 July 2025 using predefined strategies and analyzed using Excel for descriptive statistics and VOSviewer for network visualization. Risk of bias assessment was not applicable; data accuracy was ensured through duplicate removal and the use of standardized bibliometric indicators. A total of 1273 H-HPC and 92 L-HPC publications were analyzed. H-HPC research dominates multidisciplinary applications in drug delivery, 3D printing, thermochromic, and energy materials, whereas L-HPC remains focused on pharmaceutical disintegration and binding. Nevertheless, the field is constrained by reliance on commercial grades and a narrow application focus, leaving broader material innovations underexplored. HPC is positioned as a strategic polysaccharide derivative with expanding translational potential. Future studies should emphasize greener synthesis, advanced functionalization, and industrial scale-up. Funding: Supported by BRIN. Systematic review registration: INPLASY202590019.

INPLASY202590019 Hydroxypropyl cellulose in sustainable functional materials: A two-decade research landscape analysis with translational insights Keywords: hydroxypropyl cellulose; bibliometric an…