This paper aims to analyse the level of commitment with the SDGs of large Spanish companies based on the information published in their Non-Financial Statements and their letters from the chairman. To achieve this objective and identify potential explanatory factors, a balanced sample of 58 Spanish companies, 29 listed and 29 unlisted, in 2019 has been used. The results of this study evidence: i) the greater commitment with the SDGs of companies which are exposed in the stock markets and those which are larger; ii) the relevance of the diversity into the boards of directors, in order to integrate the largest and the widest number of interests as well as those values and principles which are intrinsically associated to women directors; and iii) the greater emphasis on those SDGs related to well-known issues by these organizations, thanks to their greater experience in non-financial reporting, publishing documents such as corporate social responsibility or sustainability reports.

As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, the tourism industry is experiencing a surge in demand. While this growth is essential for economic recovery, it also presents significant challenges in terms of sustainability. The tourism industry is under increasing pressure to adopt business practices that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a critical framework for addressing these challenges. This study seeks to understand how CSR can contribute to the achievement of the SDGs within the tourism industry, with a focus on identifying the best practices of management. A systematic literature review was conducted to address this research question. A comprehensive search of the literature was performed using Boolean operators in databases including Web of Science, ABI/Inform Collection, Business Source Complete, and Emerald Insight. After applying pre-determined inclusion criteria, the selected studies were analysed using the population/problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) framework. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines to ensure the rigor and reliability of the findings.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse whether the major international audit firms reach collusive agreements in Spain, in order to exercise market power and impose higher prices than those of competitors. According to the traditional theory of oligopoly, the ability to achieve these agreements is dependent primarily on the high level of market concentration, so that multiple studies have analysed the relationship between concentration and prices. However, the concentration has serious limitations to infer collusion and therefore the exercise of market power (Dedman and Lennox, 2009). Design/methodology/approach: Based on an alternative current of the theory of industrial organisation, the authors use measures of industrial mobility as a measure of collusion or rivalry of firms in oligopolistic markets. Findings: The results reveal that international audit firms do not reach collusive agreements to limit competition between them. Social implications: According to the empirical evidence obtained, the measures taken by the regulatory bodies to avoid market concentration would not be necessary or efficient and they would have significant costs for the audit market (GAO, 2003, 2008; FRC, 2009; European Commission, 2010; Competition Commission, 2013). Originality/value: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to introduce mobility measures to explain market collusion and the exercise of market power in the audit market.

The academic career in the Spanish Public University is prolonged in time. On average, an academic in Accounting achieves the chair in 15 years since obtaining the doctorate. Empirical evidence shows differences between the academic careers of men and women. Women continue to be underrepresented in the highest-ranking category and it seems that there is what has been interpreted in the academy as "leaking pipeline", that is to say, throughout the academic career, women suffer greater wear and tear than men. The aim of the paper is to analyze whether in the Accounting area of the Spanish Public university there are different speeds in academic careers between men and women and, if so, to analyze at what milestone in the career begins the flight of female talent and what factors family, institutional or research production explain it. We have collected the data of 353 professors of the Accounting area of the Spanish public universities through a survey, which covers a time horizon from 1959 to 2019. We use probability models to explore the promotion time and its possible explanatory variables. The results show that the trajectory of academic men and women is similar until reaching tenure but, nevertheless, the probability of women to achieve the chair decreases strongly with respect to that of men. Also, the maternity is the most relevant factor that can explain this fact. En las Universidades Públicas Españolas la carrera académica es prolongada en el tiempo pues, por término medio, un académico en Contabilidad logra la cátedra en 15 años desde que obtiene el doctorado. La evidencia empírica muestra diferencias entre las carreras académicas de hombres y mujeres. Las mujeres continúan estando infrarrepresentadas en la categoría de mayor rango y parece que existe lo que se ha interpretado en la academia como “tubería con fugas”, es decir, a lo largo de la carrera académica las mujeres sufren mayor desgaste que los hombres. Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar si en el área de Contabilidad de la universidad pública española existen diferentes velocidades en las carreras académicas entre hombres y mujeres y, de ser así, analizar en qué hito de la carrera comienza la fuga del talento femenino y qué factores familiares, institucionales o de producción investigadora lo explican. Para ello, hemos recabado mediante una encuesta los datos de 353 profesores y profesoras del área de Contabilidad de las universidades públicas españolas que abarca un horizonte temporal desde 1959 hasta 2019 y usamos modelos de probabilidad para explorar el tiempo de promoción y sus posibles variables explicativas. Los resultados indican que la trayectoria de hombres y mujeres académicas es similar hasta alcanzar la titularidad pero, sin embargo, la probabilidad de las mujeres para lograr la cátedra disminuye fuertemente con respecto a la de los hombres, reduciéndose significativamente el número de catedráticas frente a catedráticos. Asimismo, de los factores que pueden explicar este hecho, es la maternidad uno de los más relevantes.

Resumen Las instituciones reguladoras del mercado de auditoría y buena parte de la profesión han expresado su preocupación porque la elevada concentración en torno a las cuatro grandes firmas y las fuertes barreras de entrada afecten negativamente al nivel de competencia del mercado. Este trabajo es pionero en aportar evidencia de la dinámica de la competencia en el mercado de auditoría español a través del uso de medidas de movilidad, y analizar la relación de las barreras de entrada y el nivel de concentración del mercado con la competitividad del mismo. Nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto que pese a la reducción del número de firmas de auditoría, existe una fuerte dinámica competitiva entre ellas. Asimismo, encontramos que son las barreras de entrada las que ejercen una influencia negativa en el nivel competitivo, y contrariamente a las preocupaciones de los organismos reguladores de la competencia, el nivel de concentración no resulta significativo.

El hecho de que las grandes firmas multinacionales del mercado de auditoría obtengan mayores honorarios al resto de competidores gracias al ejercicio del poder de mercado preocupa tanto a organismos reguladores como a académicos. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo es determinar, en primer lugar, si las firmas multinacionales cobran sobreprecios por su servicio, para en segundo lugar discriminar cuál de las dos hipótesis competitivas, poder de mercado o diferenciación, explicaría la existencia de tales sobreprecios. Para contrastar estas dos hipótesis alternativas se estimará un modelo de precios en el que se controlarán el poder de mercado a través de la concentración y la diferenciación a través de la cuota de mercado de las diversas firmas. Como muestra usaremos las empresas cotizadas no financieras en el mercado español para el periodo 2003-2015. Nuestros resultados indican que los precios que cobran las firmas multinacionales son mayores a los del resto de oferentes, si bien, dichos precios no los explica el ejercicio de poder de mercado, sino que vienen explicados porque los demandantes del servicio perciben que dichas firmas ofrecen un servicio de calidad diferenciado.