Nanoplastics and microplastics in agricultural systems have raised significant concerns due to their effects on plant health and potential risks to human consumption. This review examined these pollutants’ origins, behavior, and impacts in agricultural environments, emphasizing their primary contamination pathways, such as irrigation, plastic mulching, and sewage sludge application. It explored the transport, accumulation, and interactions of these particles in the soil, including their ability to adsorb other contaminants like pesticides and heavy metals. The effects on plant physiology and potential toxicity were highlighted, along with the implications for food quality and safety. Chronic exposure to these pollutants through the food chain posed notable health concerns for humans, emphasizing the urgency of addressing this issue. Research gaps, such as the toxicokinetics of nanoplastics and microplastics in plants and humans, were identified, underscoring the need for further investigation. The review also presented mitigation strategies, including improved waste management and the development of sustainable agricultural practices.

Nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as a concerning environmental pollutant due to their ubiquitous presence and potential adverse effects on human health. This review aims to elucidate the routes of NP contamination and their associated toxic effects on various systems within the human body. The inhalation of NPs presents a significant route of exposure, where particles can deposit deep within the respiratory tract, leading to potential respiratory health complications. Similarly, ingestion of NPs through contaminated food and water sources poses a risk to gastrointestinal and urinary tract health. Additionally, dermal permeation of NPs highlights another avenue for exposure, raising concerns about skin health. The potential toxic effects of micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) on human health span across multiple physiological systems. MNPs have been implicated in respiratory ailments, gastrointestinal disturbances, cardiovascular complications, blood abnormalities, compromised immune responses, neurological impairments, and reproductive dysfunctions. Understanding these toxic effects is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate NP exposure and protect human health. This review underscores the urgent need for interdisciplinary research efforts aimed at assessing NP toxicity comprehensively and implementing measures to reduce NP contamination in the environment.