Cover cropping has emerged as a pivotal sustainable agronomic practice aimed at enhancing soil health and sustaining crop productivity. To quantify its effects across diverse agroecosystems, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1877 paired observations from 114 studies (1980–2025) comparing cover cropping with bare fallow during fallow periods in major cereal systems across China. Cover cropping significantly reduced soil bulk density by 6.1% and increased key soil nutrients including total nitrogen (+13.1%), total phosphorus (+15.6%), hydrolysable nitrogen (+9.3%), available phosphorus (+11.1%), available potassium (+12.4%), soil organic matter (+11.7%), and microbial biomass carbon (+41.1%). Leguminous cover crops outperformed non-legumes in enhancing nitrogen availability, reflecting biological nitrogen fixation. Mixed-species cover crop mixtures showed superior benefits over monocultures, likely due to complementary effects on nutrient cycling and soil structure. Soil texture and initial soil organic carbon significantly moderated these outcomes. Furthermore, although overall soil pH remained stable, cover cropping exhibited a clear buffering effect, tending to regulate soil pH toward neutrality. Meta-regression analyses revealed a diminishing positive effect on total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) with an extended duration of cover cropping, suggesting potential saturation effects. These results underscore the context-dependent efficacy of cover cropping as a strategy for soil quality enhancement. Optimizing cover crop implementation should integrate the consideration of inherent soil characteristics, baseline fertility, and species composition to maximize agroecosystem resilience and sustainability.

Optimized water-saving irrigation (WSI) practices are critical for enhancing resource use efficiency and ensuring sustainable wheat production in water-scarce regions. This meta-analysis quantitatively assessed the effects of various WSI methods on wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) across China’s wheat regions. The results showed that optimized irrigation, particularly drip and micro-sprinkler systems, significantly reduced irrigation water and nitrogen inputs by 35.1% and 7.2%, respectively, without yield penalties. Drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation, which together accounted for over 97% of observations, improved WUE by 18.7% and 10.1%, respectively, and increased PFPN by 6.8% and 5.5%, highlighting their dominant role in current WSI practices. Moderate deficit irrigation (60–100% of full irrigation) optimized WUE and PFPN while maintaining stable yields, whereas severe deficit irrigation (<40%) caused substantial yield losses. Soil texture and bulk density strongly modulated WSI effectiveness. Climatic factors, particularly growing season precipitation, negatively correlated with WSI benefits, highlighting enhanced efficiency gains under drier conditions. These findings emphasize the need to prioritize drip and micro-sprinkler irrigation in national water-saving strategies and advocate for integrated approaches combining WSI with soil health management and site-specific irrigation scheduling to promote sustainable wheat intensification under variable agroecological conditions.

Optimizing farmers’ crop production management is an effective strategy to synergize yields, resource utilization, and environmental conservation. However, the mechanisms by which agronomic management in the North China Plain (NCP) determines the wheat yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and physiological performance remain largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, a field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2024 to investigate the effects of conventional farmer practices (CK) and a Integrated High-Yield and Efficiency Cultivation Management (HHL) strategy incorporating pre-sowing soil moisture creation, optimized tillage, fertilization, and irrigation on the yield, water consumption characteristics, leaf photosynthetic physiology, and root traits. The results demonstrated that HHL significantly enhanced the root morphology in winter wheat compared to CK. Specifically, HHL increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll content, and leaf area index (LAI) at the flowering stage by 20.5%, 8.8%, and 11.1%, respectively, thereby boosting dry matter accumulation by 40.3% and yields by 10.9%. Furthermore, HHL reduced soil water evaporation by 12.1% and the total water consumption by 112.1 mm, while improving the WUE by 25.4% and nitrogen fertilizer partial productivity by 38.7%, alongside a 12.5% increase in economic benefits. Through rigorous field experimentation, this study elucidates the potential of HHL in water conservation, yield enhancement, and comprehensive benefit improvement, offering an effective cultivation paradigm for the wheat production systems in the NCP. The findings indicate that this management strategy exhibits superior water-saving and yield-enhancing effects, with promising prospects for widespread adoption and application.

In the North China Plain (NCP), wind and rain during the grain-filling period of winter wheat can cause lodging. The second basal internode (I2), a key load-bearing structure, plays a central role in yield stability. This study, under a constant nitrogen (N) application rate of 270 kg ha⁻¹, aimed to clarify how nitrogen basal-to-topdressing ratios regulate I2 characteristics to balance lodging resistance and yield increase. Field experiments were conducted across two seasons with three cultivars and three nitrogen split ratios (5:5, CK; 3:7, N1; and 7:3, N2). Dynamic measurements of I2 mechanical properties, morphology, anatomy, and composition were taken, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for analysis. Results showed that the culm lodging resistance index (CLRI) decreased by 41.8% from flowering to milk stage under all treatments, with CLRI at the milk stage of lodging treatments between 0.11 and 0.15. SEM supported a composition–structure–lodging resistance–yield chain, with CLRI as the key mediator. The N1 treatment significantly improved CLRI at all stages and increased yield by 12.2% compared to CK, making it a recommended nitrogen strategy for improving both yield and lodging resistance. These findings provide agronomically applicable nitrogen management guidelines for high-yield winter wheat systems.