Parkinson disease (PD) is the second largest and most common neurodegenerative disease globally, following Alzheimer disease. Its pathological features include the deformation and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain, as well as the aggregation of α-synuclein in the form of Lewy bodies. This leads to motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms including cognitive, emotional, and sleep disorders. Currently, PD is mainly treated by medication and surgery. Medication, though widely used, has limited efficacy and causes adverse reactions. With the intensification of global aging and the annual increase in the incidence of PD, the limitations of existing treatment approaches have become increasingly prominent, and there is an urgent need to explore safer and more effective treatment strategies. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated that exercise rehabilitation training can not only effectively ameliorate the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD patients, but also promote the generation of neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones, and regulate the dopaminergic system. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the mechanisms and effects of different exercise rehabilitation training methods in the treatment of PD holds great significance for refining the comprehensive treatment plan for PD and enhancing the quality of life of patients. This article will conduct a comprehensive review of the mechanisms and effects of various exercise rehabilitation training methods in treating PD.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) commonly experience reduced muscle strength and impaired physical function, which may complicate long-term disease management. Elastic-band resistance training is inexpensive, portable, and suitable for home-based exercise; however, evidence regarding its effects on glycemic control, muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass has not been comprehensively synthesized. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of elastic-band resistance training on these outcomes in adults with T2DM. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and VIP Database were searched from inception to June 5, 2026 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in adults with T2DM. Intervention effects were summarized using mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs), and certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Fourteen RCTs involving 684 participants were included. Elastic-band resistance training was associated with reductions in HbA1c (MD = −0.41, 95% CI −0.62 to −0.20) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG; MD = −0.79, 95% CI −1.01 to −0.56), with moderate-certainty evidence for both outcomes. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results, supporting the robustness of the primary findings. Handgrip strength also improved (MD = 2.67, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.26; I ² = 0%), with moderate-certainty evidence. Muscle-mass outcomes favored elastic-band resistance training (SMD = 0.24), although the confidence interval approached the null value and the certainty of evidence was low. Walking ability and sit-to-stand performance also showed favorable trends; however, substantial heterogeneity reduced confidence in these estimates. Adverse events were inconsistently reported, precluding firm conclusions regarding intervention safety. Conclusion: Elastic-band resistance training may improve glycemic control and muscle strength in adults with T2DM, whereas its effects on walking ability, sit-to-stand performance, and muscle mass remain uncertain. Given its low cost, portability, and suitability for home-based exercise, it may represent a practical adjunct to comprehensive exercise management, particularly for individuals with limited access to conventional resistance-training equipment. Safety remains insufficiently characterized because adverse-event reporting was incomplete. Further high-quality randomized controlled trials are warranted to strengthen the evidence base and refine optimal training prescriptions. Systematic review registration: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero , CRD420261417541.

Objective: This study employed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to systematically evaluate and compare the relative efficacy of three menthol administration routes—ingestion (ING), mouth rinsing (MR), and topical application (Top)—on exercise performance and physiological responses in the heat, aiming to explore potential task-oriented personalized supplementation strategies. Methods: Databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CNKI were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating menthol interventions on exercise performance in hot environments (T≥25 °C), with a search deadline of March 2, 2026. Two reviewers independently performed literature screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool. Network meta-analysis was conducted using Stata 18.0 software. Results: The network meta-analysis of the 15 included randomized controlled trials revealed outcome-specific trends in exercise performance, although most pairwise comparisons did not reach statistical significance. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analysis indicated that ingestion (ING) demonstrated a potential trend for improving endurance performance (SUCRA = 76.1%), while mouth rinsing (MR) showed a tendency for enhancing mean power output (SUCRA = 66.9%). Regarding physiological responses, the impact of all administration routes on core temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) was modest and lacked statistically significant differences compared to control conditions. Specifically, ING ranked relatively higher in maintaining core temperature (SUCRA = 67.0%), whereas topical application (Top) exhibited the weakest potential for thermoregulation (SUCRA = 6.2%) and might even lead to a slight upward trend in temperature due to the physical obstruction of heat dissipation. Conclusion: The interventional efficacy of menthol in the heat appears to be co-regulated by the administration route and the specific exercise task. While the current evidence does not establish definitive superiority among the administration routes due to the lack of statistical significance, ingestion may serve as an exploratory option for long-duration endurance events, whereas mouth rinsing could be considered for tasks focusing on instantaneous power output. Given that menthol may mask actual subjective thermal perception without alleviating objective physiological heat strain, its application must be combined with objective physiological monitoring in practice to ensure exercise safety. Systematic Review Registration: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero , identifier: CRD420261340546.