In this project, we present the design, construction, and control of a pendulum-like system propelled by a propeller mounted on a brushless motor. Programming and data acquisition were performed using an Arduino UNO board connected to a computer through the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The measurement of the pendulum's angular position was conducted using a variable resistor. However, a drawback of this approach is its susceptibility to introducing noise into the signals. To address this issue, a Kalman filter was implemented in the analysis. The system was mathematically modeled as a second-order transfer function with underdamped poles and identified using the adaptive Gauss-Newton method. Experimental tests were conducted with step response trials, employing pulse width modulation (PWM) as the input and the resistor voltage as the output variable. The pendulum position was controlled using a Linear Quadratic Regulator with Gravity Compensation (LQR+G) and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Finally, a comparative analysis of performance was carried out between both approaches.

This paper presents a proposal for slabs reinforced with 3D steel reinforcements. Two configurations of 3D steel reinforcement, manually fabricated using 4 mm diameter rods, were investigated: cubic and square pyramid truss lattices. Two control groups were produced: a non-reinforced slab and a linear steel rod-reinforced slab. Three-point bending tests were conducted to assess the flexural behavior of the slabs. The results were analyzed in terms of flexural strength, peak load, mid-span displacement, energy absorption, crack formation, and ductility. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was employed to capture the full-field principal strain and determine the mid-span displacement at the point of crack initiation. Furthermore, the compression capacity of each slab was evaluated. The results were compared with those of the non-reinforced and linear reinforced slabs, revealing that the slab with the cubic truss lattice configuration exhibited the highest bending moment capacity. While the square pyramid truss slab demonstrated relatively low bending strength, it exhibited exceptional energy absorption characteristics. In terms of ductility, the cubic truss-reinforced slab showed superior performance. When compared to the slabs with linear rod reinforcement, the 3D-reinforced slabs with cubic and square pyramid configurations enhanced the bending strength by approximately 51.19% and 47.32%, respectively. Overall, this study shows that the oblique connectors in the pyramidal reinforcement, compared to the vertical connectors in the cubic reinforcement, provide greater ductility and promote a more uniform distribution of smaller cracks, thereby enhancing energy absorption.

This work presents the design, construction, and validation of a cost-effective aerodynamic pendulum as an alternative to commercial systems. The system employs a digital PID controller for real-time regulation of angular position, together with a Kalman filter to attenuate sensor noise. Its modular architecture is intended to facilitate the integration of hardware and software components, thereby supporting replication and experimentation without compromising measurement accuracy. The prototype incorporates low-cost components, including an Arduino Mega 2560, a DC motor, a precision potentiometer, and an L298N H-bridge. A closed-loop configuration based on PID control is used to reduce the error with respect to a 90° reference angle, while the Kalman filter contributes to improved reliability of angular measurements. The mechanical structure, constructed from plywood and plastic materials, provides adequate stability for experimental operation. Motor voltage is regulated through a pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal. The results indicate a rapid dynamic response and a degree of robustness to external disturbances. Overall, the project supports the feasibility of developing effective low-cost alternatives for control systems, particularly in educational and experimental contexts. Smart citations: https://scite.ai/reports/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i1.1137 Dimensions.Open Alex.

This article presents an alternative automation algorithm for pneumatic sequences that enables the solution of complex sequential problems without the need to organize detection phases into groups. By not using groups to organize movements in detection phases, two benefits can be achieved: firstly, all the drawbacks associated with using groups are eliminated, such as design complexity, difficulty in debugging, increased cost, and difficulty in optimizing the circuit; secondly, it enables the use of logical functions to define each motion in pneumatic actuators. This opens up the possibility to solve logical functions using Boolean algebra techniques, and even their generalization into an algorithm that can be programmed in any language. To validate the proposed algorithm, MATLAB pseudocode is presented. This pseudocode allows obtaining the logical functions needed to build the ladder diagram of any sequence involving up to four double-acting cylinders with any number of phases in a work cycle.

En este trabajo se evalúa la deflexión de dos propuestas de losa aligerada con peralte de 50 mm y estructura tridimensional embebida. Se proponen dos configuraciones de estructura (piramidal y cúbica) de varilla de acero grado 6000 de 4mm de diámetro. En una primera etapa, se evalúa la deflexión en losas convencionales mediante un método analítico y, posteriormente, se determina la deflexión en este tipo de losas mediante el método de elementos finitos, usando el software ANSYS. A partir de la validación de las simulaciones con el software, se procedió a realizar las mismas simulaciones ahora en las losas con estructura tridimensional. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las estructuras tridimensionales proveen más resistencia ante la deflexión en comparación con un armado de acero convencional. Además, se encontró que la estructura cúbica es la más resistente ante la flexión. Se discute la posible aplicación de losas con armado tridimensional para optimización de materiales mediante disminución del peralte en vivienda.

Se presenta el diseño mecánico de una máquina herramienta de Control Numérico Computarizado (CNC) de 5 ejes para aprendizaje y uso en centros de maquinado. En la actualidad, el uso de máquinas CNC en la industria se vuelve popular, y el uso de centros de maquinado de 5 ejes se encuentra en crecimiento por su capacidad de maquinar piezas de mayor calidad y complejidad; además de reducir los tiempos de maquinado. Entonces, surge la necesidad en universidad, centro de investigación y desarrollo tecnológico, que formen profesionalmente estudiantes en el manejo, operación, diseño y desarrollo de equipos de maquinado de 5 ejes. De estos puntos, se tiene problemas en el desarrollo de equipos, la información que existe es mayormente de adaptaciones de máquinas de 3 ejes. Buscando solución, se presenta el diseño mecánico, con cálculos relativos para determinar las fuerzas de corte, hacer análisis de elemento finito, y determinar los torques necesarios en cada uno de los ejes de la máquina.