The article presents a multidimensional comparative analysis of the exchange rates of five currencies: dollar, euro, franc, pound and ruble in zlotys and crude oil in dollars per barrel from 2005 to 2022. The research was conducted in terms of the identification of contemporary challenges for the economic security of enterprises in Poland. Grouping was used as part of multidimensional comparative analyzes. In the categorized line charts, in order to observe the trends in dynamic terms as a decrease and an increase in the rates of the analyzed data, a separate Y-axis scale was assigned to each of the analyzed dependent variables.

The study includes an analysis of the functioning of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of financial security management of these entities. The article covers the identification of threats in the area of finances of the discussed enterprises that arose during the pandemic, as well as the assessment and approach to financial risk management in these entities. As a result, the key categories of threats to the financial security of enterprises, arising during the COVID-19 pandemic, were presented, as well as the assessment of the effectiveness of state services responsible for ensuring financial security. The study focuses on multidimensional data analysis in terms of their grouping and unraveling in terms of comparing the considered variables in terms of dynamics. Initial studies were performed by comparing several variables, and the data were analyzed not only during the COVID-19 pandemic, but also in the pre-pandemic period in terms of observing their fluctuations in dynamic terms, and the relationships between them were also examined.

Forecasting of monetary policy tools, including reserve money of the Central Bank of Poland, in order to optimise economic decisions made by business entities operating on this market, becomes a basic canon of knowledge, in order to minimise a risk of undertaken economic operations – is currently the area of our investigation. The article raises a problem of forecasting the reserve money of the Central Bank of Poland on the basis of initial information received from the National Bank of Poland. The studies started with analysis and evaluation of time series of reserve money of the Central Bank in Poland. Then the analysed series were divided into two parts. Based on obtained results, the researchers performed forecasting of the first part of separated time series of reserve money of the Central Bank in Poland with the use of different methods. The above mentioned time series consists of 132 elements. Later on, the researches chose the best forecasting method and that was the basis for initial time series forecasting of reserve money of the Central Bank in Poland in mil PLN in retrospective terms during 2010-2021 for the next 2021-2022 years.

The energy market in the European Union is dominated by large energy companies. However, the liberalization of this market, the removal of market barriers, and the encouragement of small companies to enter the market are creating new conditions and changing the structure of companies. In addition to large energy companies, a significant number of small entities are also emerging. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between the size of energy companies and their technical efficiency. This analysis was carried out for the period 2019–2023. In order to assess the efficiency of the researched energy companies, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed. The analyzed enterprises were divided into three groups: small (IA), medium (IB), and large (II). The following economic categories were adopted as the division criteria: 1. net sales revenue; 2. operating costs; 3. fixed assets. The findings of our study suggest that small and medium-sized energy companies can exhibit levels of efficiency that are comparable to those of larger enterprises. This result suggests that companies of different sizes can coexist in the energy market. The results obtained are not completely conclusive, as statistically significant differences in technical efficiency (TE) were recorded in 2021 and 2022 but only between small enterprises (IA) and medium-sized enterprises (IB). This study highlights the potential of small energy companies to contribute effectively to Poland’s energy sector and suggests that supporting their development could enhance energy security and market competition. However, many energy companies—regardless of size—exhibited low levels of efficiency, underlining the need for deeper investigation into the sources of inefficiency.

Nowadays, international disputes appear in the public space, which results, for example, from the fact that the needs are unlimited and the goods are limited. Due to its specific nature, the international environment requires a compromise between the entities operating in it. A desirable direction in case of conflicts between international entities is to resolve them by peaceful means. In the international environment, one of the largest international organizations - the United Nations - is of great significance, especially in the field of maintaining international order and peace. In turn, according to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, it is possible to resolve international disputes by peaceful means, and among the characteristic methods used in this type of proceedings is the mediation method, the effectiveness of which allows, in the long term, to maintain the desired state of peace, strengthening the legal security of the state.