Perinatal tissues such as umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, amniotic membrane, and placenta contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with clinical potential; however, a direct comparison of these sources under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) conditions remains limited. To evaluate and compare perinatal tissue types in terms of viable MSC yield, sterility, and GMP-adjusted processing cost in order to identify practically applicable sources for clinical-grade biobanking. A total of 160 perinatal tissue samples were collected from 32 term pregnancies during elective cesarean delivery. Standardized GMP protocols were applied for MSC isolation, sterility screening using automated BACTEC™ culture systems, and immunophenotypic characterization in accordance with ISCT criteria. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify independent predictors of MSC yield. Cost modeling included reagents, labor, and cryostorage within a laboratory-scale GMP setting. Umbilical cord tissue yielded the highest number of viable MSCs (6.5 × 10⁶ ± 0.8 cells/sample), followed by amniotic fluid (5.8 × 10⁶ ± 0.6). Amniotic fluid exhibited the lowest contamination rate (3%), whereas placental tissues demonstrated higher microbial burden (18–21%). Tissue type was the strongest predictor of MSC yield (β = 0.61, p < 0.001). Normalized cost analyses indicated that umbilical cord and amniotic fluid offered the most favorable yield-to-cost profiles. Under current GMP conditions, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid appear to provide the most balanced combination of MSC yield, sterility, and processing cost. These findings support a practical framework for tissue selection and workflow optimization in perinatal MSC biobanking and translational regenerative applications.

To evaluate the relationship between serum Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle count (AFC), and histologically quantified primordial follicle numbers in premenopausal women, in order to validate the clinical accuracy of AMH and AFC as surrogate markers of true ovarian reserve. This prospective cross-sectional study included 89 healthy, menstruating women aged 35–48 years who underwent unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy for benign gynecological conditions. Preoperative serum levels of AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol (E2) were measured, and AFC was assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography during the early follicular phase. Excised ovarian tissues were processed for histological evaluation, and primordial follicles were counted by a blinded pathologist. AMH and AFC were both positively correlated with primordial follicle count (ρ = 0.75 and ρ = 0.85, respectively; p < 0.001). AMH also showed strong inverse correlations with FSH (ρ = − 0.89) and moderate inverse correlation with E2 (ρ = − 0.62). AFC was moderately negatively correlated with FSH (ρ = − 0.67). Among all tested biomarkers, AMH and AFC demonstrated the strongest associations with histologically determined follicular reserve. AMH and AFC are strongly associated with the histological size of the primordial follicle pool and represent reliable, non-invasive markers of ovarian reserve. These findings provide histological validation for their continued use in reproductive assessment and individualized fertility planning.

Objective: This retrospective study aims to evaluate the effect of copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) use on the adequacy and diagnostic quality of endometrial biopsy specimens in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Patients with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS, e.g., Mirena) were excluded from the study. The study compares the histopathological adequacy of endometrial samples between Cu-IUD users and non-users, highlighting potential interpretation challenges in routine pathological assessment. Methods: The study was conducted on 409 women aged 25–55 who presented with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) to the Gynecology and Obstetrics Outpatient Clinic at Kayseri City Hospital between 1 April 2021 and 1 April 2023. The patients were divided into two groups: copper IUD (Cu-IUD) users (n = 215) and non-IUD users (n = 194). Patients using levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (LNG-IUS, e.g., Mirena) were excluded from the study. Endometrial biopsies were obtained using the Pipelle curette technique without anesthesia, preserved in 10% formalin, and assessed for pathological classification and diagnostic adequacy. Results: The proportion of unclassifiable pathological categories was significantly higher in copper IUD users (63.93%) compared to non-IUD users (36.05%) (p = 0.013). Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between pathological category and endometrial thickness (r = −0.3147, p < 0.001), suggesting that thinner endometrial lining may reflect atrophic or diagnostically ambiguous tissue patterns. However, no significant association was found between IUD use and endometrial thickness (p = 0.073). Conclusions: The findings indicate that copper IUD use may affect the diagnostic adequacy of endometrial biopsy specimens, likely due to inflammatory or structural changes in the endometrium. These results underline the importance of considering IUD-related alterations when interpreting biopsy findings. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic approaches and better understand the clinical implications of these effects.

Background and Objectives: Migraine is a common neurological condition that significantly impacts quality of life, especially in women during their reproductive years. Pregnancy poses unique challenges for migraine management due to hormonal changes and the limited use of pharmacological treatments. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physiotherapy, exercise, and relaxation techniques, offer promising alternatives for managing migraines during this critical period. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy, structured exercise, and relaxation techniques in reducing migraine frequency, severity, and duration while improving psychosocial outcomes such as quality of life, stress levels, and sleep quality in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: Sixty pregnant women diagnosed with acute migraine were randomly assigned into three intervention groups: physiotherapy, structured exercise, and relaxation techniques. Each intervention lasted 8 weeks. The primary outcomes included migraine frequency, severity (measured by VAS), and duration. The secondary outcomes included quality of life (SF-36), stress (PSS), and sleep quality (PSQI). Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests. Results: All interventions significantly reduced migraine frequency, severity, and duration (p < 0.05). Physiotherapy demonstrated the greatest reduction in migraine frequency (45%) and severity (36%), while exercise yielded the most significant improvement in duration (42%). Relaxation techniques were particularly effective in reducing stress and anxiety levels. Quality of life and sleep quality improved across all groups, with unique benefits observed for each intervention. Conclusions: Physiotherapy, structured exercise, and relaxation techniques are effective, safe, and non-invasive interventions for managing acute migraines during pregnancy. These findings provide evidence-based alternatives to pharmacological treatments, highlighting the importance of holistic approaches to migraine management during pregnancy. Further research is needed to confirm long-term efficacy and explore combined interventions.

Aims: To examine the association between thyroid dysfunction and bleeding severity, anemia burden, and management outcomes in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 742 perimenopausal women aged 40-55 years with AUB were evaluated between January 2014 and December 2024. Thyroid status was categorized as euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, or overt hyperthyroidism based on serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine levels. Severe AUB, anemia, and management outcomes (iron therapy, blood transfusion, and procedural interventions) were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic and metabolic covariates. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to explore the standalone discriminatory performance of thyroid-stimulating hormone for severe AUB and moderate-to-severe anemia.Results: Thyroid dysfunction was identified in 29.4% of participants. Severe AUB and moderate-to-severe anemia were more frequent among women with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism. Thyroid dysfunction was independently associated with severe AUB (aOR 2.21; 95% CI 1.54-3.18), anemia (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.33-2.68), and escalation of care (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.28-3.02), as well as increased likelihood of iron therapy and blood transfusion. A thyroid-stimulating hormone threshold near 4.0 mIU/L showed moderate discrimination for severe AUB and anemia and should be interpreted as an exploratory risk-enrichment value rather than a definitive diagnostic or treatment cut-off.Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism, was independently associated with increased bleeding severity, anemia burden, and greater healthcare utilization in perimenopausal AUB. However, given the retrospective observational design, these findings do not establish causality.