Background: Premarital screening (PMS) is a nationwide program that helps high-risk individuals make decisions to avoid genetic and sexually transmitted diseases from spreading to their spouse or future offspring. This study examined the knowledge and attitudes towards inherited hemoglobinopathies in PMS among the people of Northern Border Region in Saudi Arabia and their relationship to various sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in the Northern region of Saudi Arabia from January to March 2024. Data were gathered via questionnaire from 478 Saudi participants aged 18 years and older. The chi-square test was employed to determine the association between categorical variables. Results: All participants in the study were familiar with the PMS program. A significant portion of participants, 79.3%, acknowledged that consanguinity can increase the risk of hereditary blood disorders, while 69.9% believed that if both parents are carriers of the same genetic blood disease, their child may inherit it. Higher education, female gender, and age group (30–40) were found to be the main predictors of knowledge regarding PMS. Most of the participants (98.5%) had a positive attitude regarding the necessity of PMS as a prerequisite for marriage completion. About 82.8% indicated they would not continue with the marriage if the PMS results were incompatible. Conclusions: The study indicates a growing awareness and positive attitude towards premarital screening among the general population, with an increasing number of individuals opting for it. The findings suggest that PMS programs contribute to informed decision making, as evidenced by the rise in participants choosing to forgo marriage due to partner incompatibility. The study recommends the enhancement of health education campaigns by considering demographic factors such as age, education, and marital status. Additionally, it advocates for expanding the scope of PMS to include a wider range of health and genetic disorders to improve its overall efficacy.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) represents a significant public health concern, particularly among female populations. Various demographic factors, including age and socioeconomic status, have a substantial impact on overall health outcomes, contributing to the prevalence of IDA. The primary objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of iron deficiency anemia among the adult population and to examine its correlation with various sociodemographic factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia between October and December 2024. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 385 participants aged 18 years and older. The Chi-square test was utilized to assess the association between categorical variables. Results: In this study, 42.5% of participants demonstrated good knowledge of IDA, 48.1% had moderate knowledge, and 9.4% showed poor knowledge. Knowledge levels were significantly associated with gender, age, education, and self-perceived IDA status. Women, older individuals, and those with higher levels of education had a greater knowledge of IDA. Regarding attitude, 93% of participants had a positive attitude, while only 7% exhibited a negative attitude. Interestingly, none of the explanatory variables were significantly linked to attitude, suggesting that positive attitude toward IDA was consistent across all demographic groups. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for targeted health initiatives focusing on diet, supplementation, symptom recognition, and prevention to effectively reduce the burden of IDA. Prioritizing education through symposiums and medical programs in high-prevalence regions is crucial.

Background/Objectives: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an emerging inflammatory biomarker associated with various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While poor glycemic control is linked to increased risk of complications, the relationship between glycemic status and NLR remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to assess the association between NLR and glycemic control in T2DM patients by comparing those with good glycemic control (GGC; HbA1c ≤ 7%) and poor glycemic control (PGC; HbA1c ≥ 7.1%). Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 2907 T2DM patients from a tertiary care center. Patients were categorized into GGC (n = 1500) and PGC (n = 1407) groups based on HbA1c values. The mean age of participants was 53.53 ± 18.86 years in the GGC group and 54.31 ± 18.40 years in the PGC group, with comparable sex distribution between groups. Data were retrieved from electronic medical records and NLR was calculated using complete blood counts. Descriptive statistics were computed, and group comparisons were performed using Mann–Whitney U and independent t-tests. Spearman correlation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were also performed. A p-value < 0.05 indicated significance. Results: The PGC group exhibited significantly higher mean NLR (3.96 ± 4.53) compared to the GGC group (3.23 ± 3.80) (p < 0.001). Median and interquartile range values confirmed this difference, and both parametric and non-parametric analyses supported the findings. Spearman correlation demonstrated a weak but statistically significant association between HbA1c and NLR (r = 0.101, p < 0.001). ROC analysis showed limited discriminatory ability of NLR (AUC = 0.560). Exploratory CRP results further suggested a link between inflammation and impaired glycemic control. Conclusions: NLR was significantly elevated in T2DM patients with moderate-to-poor glycemic control. This suggests that NLR may serve as a simple, cost-effective, and accessible marker of systemic inflammation and glycemic status. However, the effect size was small, and its discriminatory ability was limited, indicating that NLR should be interpreted as a supportive marker rather than a standalone clinical tool.