Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological problem, resulting from a complex interaction of many factors. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of this condition, examining key aspects such as inflammatory factors, sebum production, colonization by P. acnes, endocrine disruption and lifestyle influences. In addition, various treatments are discussed, including the effectiveness of isotretinoin-based therapy and the potential benefits of antibiotics and retinoids in specific patient groups. Aim of study: The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about the Acne vulgaris. The epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment were summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using following keywords: “Acne vulgaris”, “Isotretinoin”, “Therapy of Acne”. Conclusion: Research into acne vulgaris has been extensive, yet variations in study methods and descriptions have prevented definitive conclusions. Tailored care for each patient is crucial due to these differences. The disease's development involves various factors including inflammatory mediators, excess sebum production, P. acnes colonization, hormonal imbalances, and lifestyle impacts. Isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment, albeit with potential side effects that need consideration. For specific patient groups, topical antibiotics and retinoids may offer beneficial effects.

This article issues scientific background of Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the importance of taking x-rays before and after implant placement in daily practice as a common care. The review will introduce cone-beam computed tomography guidelines, restrictions and intraoperartive issues for instance nerve damage and bleeding incidents. Modern CBCT technology enables specialists to avoid making a wrong diagnosis, which translates into a higher percentage of people with a positive treatment outcome. Diagnostic radiology is a crucial element of every dental treatment planning. CBCT market is expanding gradually since two decades, there are more than 85 distinct CBCT tools available. CBCT is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging used nowadays in dentistry with increased frequency and offers volumetric data on jaw bones and teeth with relatively low radiation doses and costs. Currently, the greatest advantage of CBCT examinations over radiographs is the fact that the image obtained is presented in a 3D projection and not, as is the case, in 2D. It has the ability to help a wider range of patients, but the use of CBCT also has negative consequences. Routine or excessive use has resulted in increased radiation doses accumulating in the patient's body, which translates into an increased risk of adverse effects. The risk varies according to the age of the patient under study and is directly proportional to it, that is, it is highest for young people and lower for older people. The potential risk is also slightly higher in the female population. For this reason, creating awareness of the mandatory patient safety management of CT scans is a key process by which X-ray exposures can be optimised.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a chronic condition which is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time leading to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Role of kidneys is very vital to maintain homeostasis of the system. CKD is classified into five stages based on the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR). CKD is a long-term condition which cannot be completely cured. Treatment focuses on managing underlying conditions , slowing disease progression and addressing complications. Aim of the study: Purpose of this study is to encapsulate available knowledge about classification and therapeutic options for patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Kidney Disease. Both old and new treatment methods have been summarized in the following publication. Material and methods: Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Chronic kidney disease”, “ACE inhibitors” , “Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers", “Diabetic Kidney Disease” ,”End-Stage Kidney Disease”, “Dapagliflozin”, Conclusions: Chronic Kidney Disease is a condition which is progressive and affects more than 10% of the general population worldwide totaling over 800 million people. There are many causes of chronic kidney disease; therefore, it is important to focus on slowing the progression of the disease, minimizing complications and modifying risk factors.

Background: Alopecia areata is regarded as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disorder, but the exact etiopathogenesis of the disease has not been completely elucidated. The aim of the study was to assess vascular circulation using Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) in alopecia patients compared to healthy volunteers, which could explain disease pathogenesis. Methods: FMSF is a new non-invasive method for assessing vascular circulation. The study recruited thirty women and four men. In our group, the most common clinical pattern of hair loss was alopecia with circular patches (AA), recognizable in 26 patients: twenty-two women and four men. Alopecia universalis (AU) was diagnosed in eight patients: all women. Results: The most pronounced differences between experimental group participants and controls are seen in the flowmotion (FM), neurogenic oscillation (NEURO), and normoxia oscillatory index (NOI) parameters characterizing microcirculation oscillations. In alopecia, microcirculation oscillations characterized by the FM and NEURO parameters are significantly decreased. Conclusions: This observation may suggest that neuroinflammation is an important factor responsible for alopecia pathogenesis. The women with alopecia areata have dysfunctional microcirculatory function. FMSF could serve as a useful tool for monitoring patients with alopecia.

The proper functioning of the patient in the environment is made possible by the interaction of individual systems or single organs. The visual system is undoubtedly one of the most important; it is the one that enables us to find our way and acquire a range of skills to survive in the environment. Unfortunately, if neglected at a young age, complications may remain for the rest of life. A number of tests have now been introduced to check the development and efficiency of a child's eyesight; their cyclical repetition and appropriate identification of changes or lack of them enable an appropriate diagnosis to be made and treatment to be applied, thanks to which we can eliminate or reduce the defect and, more importantly, prevent the development of a new one. Contrary to appearances, vision screening in children does not take place in a single medical visit, it is an ongoing process, and the activities included in the screening should be carried out at each follow-up visit. This allows the practitioner to detect risk factors and eye abnormalities early on, which increases the chance of a positive outcome for the patient. It also enables the specialist to identify children who require more frequent eye checks, or patients who should be referred to a specialist qualified in children's eye examination. During the screening examination, the doctor begins by talking to the child and parent about conditions that run in the family. The aim is to detect and identify risk factors that need to be carefully analysed. These factors include, but are not limited to, premature birth, Down's syndrome, cerebral palsy, a family history of strabismus, visual impairment, retinoblastoma, childhood glaucoma, childhood cataract or eye disease and genetic systemic diseases.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that can be divided into several subtypes based on the areas of the body occupied by the lesions and the severity of the disease. The overall prevalence of psoriasis ranges from 0 to 11,8%. The disease occurs with equal frequency in both sexes. PsO cannot be completely cured, so many patients experience stigma and have diminished self-esteem due to the characteristic appearance of the lesions.   Aim of the study: The purpose of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about classification and options for psoriasis treatment. The options in diagnosis and treatment, including the latest methods, were described and summarized. Materials and methods: Literature available in the PubMed database was reviewed using the following keywords: “Psoriasis”, “Nail Psoriasis”, “Psoriasis Vulgaris”, “Psoriasis Treatment”, “New Psoriasis Treatment”, “Psoriasis Classification”, “Biologic Therapy for Psoriasis”, “Systemic Therapy for psoriasis”.   Conclusions: Psoriasis is a genetic skin condition mediated by the immune system. The underlying mechanisms entail intricate interactions between the innate and adaptive immune system. There are various indices for assessing the severity of psoriasis, the most commonly used of which is PASI(Psoriasis Area and Severity Index). Retinoids, cyclosporine and methotrexate are the non-biologic therapies most frequently employed for moderate to severe psoriasis treatment, while topical therapy, which includes mainly corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues, is a successful approach for effectively managing mild psoriasis.