Introduction: Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological problem, resulting from a complex interaction of many factors. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis of this condition, examining key aspects such as inflammatory factors, sebum production, colonization by P. acnes, endocrine disruption and lifestyle influences. In addition, various treatments are discussed, including the effectiveness of isotretinoin-based therapy and the potential benefits of antibiotics and retinoids in specific patient groups. Aim of study: The aim of the study is to summarize the available knowledge about the Acne vulgaris. The epidemiology, etiology, and methods of treatment were summarized and described. Materials and methods: The literature available in PubMed database was reviewed using following keywords: “Acne vulgaris”, “Isotretinoin”, “Therapy of Acne”. Conclusion: Research into acne vulgaris has been extensive, yet variations in study methods and descriptions have prevented definitive conclusions. Tailored care for each patient is crucial due to these differences. The disease's development involves various factors including inflammatory mediators, excess sebum production, P. acnes colonization, hormonal imbalances, and lifestyle impacts. Isotretinoin remains the most effective treatment, albeit with potential side effects that need consideration. For specific patient groups, topical antibiotics and retinoids may offer beneficial effects.

Introduction: Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is the gold standard for diagnosing nephropathies, but it carries a risk of bleeding complications, mainly perinephric hematomas (PHs). While PH incidence is often reported, the significance of PH size remains insufficiently explored. This scoping review systematically mapped the evidence on PH size after ultrasound-guided PRB in adults, focusing on imaging modalities, measurement methods, the definition of ‘large’ PH, factors influencing PH size, and its clinical implications. Materials and Methods: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus through 27 August 2025. Eligible studies included at least 50 adult subjects undergoing ultrasound-guided PRB with quantitative, imaging-based assessment of PH size. Results: Fifty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Almost all relied on ultrasound, with only one using computed tomography. PH size was measured using heterogeneous methods, most often one-dimensional diameters, less frequently surface area or volumetry, with no standardization. Reported PH frequencies varied substantially across studies (1.1–85%), likely reflecting differences in imaging protocols, timing, and reporting thresholds. Several studies proposed PH size thresholds (e.g., diameter ≥ 2–3 cm, volume ≥ 40–85 mL) linked to adverse outcomes such as transfusion or hemodynamic instability. Factors associated with larger PHs included needle gauge, number of passes, impaired kidney function, coagulopathy, and certain histopathologies. Conclusions: PH size has prognostic value beyond incidence alone. Standardized measurement and reporting are needed to clarify its clinical relevance after PRB.

Background Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is the gold standard for diagnosing nephropathies but carries a risk of complications, most commonly perirenal hematoma (PH). Although usually minor, PH volume is rarely quantified, and ultrasound—the standard modality—has limited accuracy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables precise volumetric assessment and may improve understanding of PH pathophysiology. Materials and methods This retrospective study included 138 patients (104 with native kidneys, 34 with grafts) who underwent kidney MRI 36–48 h after PRB. PHs were manually segmented on T1-weighted Dixon water-only images. Predictors of large PHs (upper tertile of volume) were identified using logistic regression, and model stability was evaluated with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). As an exploratory analysis, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were obtained from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) maps to assess correlations between renal diffusivity and PH volume. Results PH was detected in 89.9% of cases. Median PH volume was significantly lower in grafts than in native kidneys (9.3 mL vs. 20.95 mL, p = 0.030). Graft status was an independent negative predictor of large PH, while kidney volume (KV), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and proteinuria were independent positive predictors. The final model showed moderate discriminative performance (AUC = 0.708). Lower ADC values correlated moderately and negatively with PH volume (rho = –0.41, p = 0.009). Conclusion MRI volumetry enables precise assessment of PH after PRB. Larger KV, higher DBP and proteinuria predicted greater PH volume, while graft status was protective. Lower renal parenchymal ADC values may reflect microstructural alterations predisposing to increased PH volume but warrants further evaluation in future studies.

Background/Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent condition with many cases remaining undiagnosed, although early detection is essential. Adipose tissue distribution—particularly perirenal fat thickness (PrFT)—has recently been linked to renal pathophysiology. This study assessed the association between CT-derived parameters of fat distribution and kidney morphology with CKD. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 237 patients (117 subjects, 120 controls) who underwent abdominal CT and had serum creatinine data. The dataset was randomly split (70% training, 30% test) to develop and evaluate a logistic regression model. CKD was defined as estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². PrFT was measured as the distance from the posterior renal capsule to the posterior abdominal wall; renal hilum fat was segmented using a −195 to −45 HU range. Additional parameters (measured using automated segmentation tools) included kidney volume (KV), visceral/subcutaneous fat areas, skeletal muscle area and attenuation, and liver attenuation. Bilateral measurements were averaged. Results: KV (OR = 0.249, 95% CI: 0.146–0.422, p < 0.001) and PrFT (2nd tercile: OR = 7.720, 95% CI: 2.860–20.839; 3rd tercile: OR = 16.892, 95% CI: 5.727–49.822; both p < 0.001) were identified as independent predictors of CKD. These variables were used to construct a simplified model, which demonstrated moderate clinical applicability (AUC = 0.894) when evaluated on the test subset. Conclusions: KV and PrFT emerged as independent predictors of CKD, forming the basis of a simplified model with potential for opportunistic clinical application. This approach may facilitate earlier detection of CKD in patients undergoing CT imaging for unrelated clinical reasons. These imaging parameters are not intended to replace serum creatinine or eGFR but may serve as complementary predictors in specific clinical contexts.

This article issues scientific background of Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and the importance of taking x-rays before and after implant placement in daily practice as a common care. The review will introduce cone-beam computed tomography guidelines, restrictions and intraoperartive issues for instance nerve damage and bleeding incidents. Modern CBCT technology enables specialists to avoid making a wrong diagnosis, which translates into a higher percentage of people with a positive treatment outcome. Diagnostic radiology is a crucial element of every dental treatment planning. CBCT market is expanding gradually since two decades, there are more than 85 distinct CBCT tools available. CBCT is a three-dimensional (3D) imaging used nowadays in dentistry with increased frequency and offers volumetric data on jaw bones and teeth with relatively low radiation doses and costs. Currently, the greatest advantage of CBCT examinations over radiographs is the fact that the image obtained is presented in a 3D projection and not, as is the case, in 2D. It has the ability to help a wider range of patients, but the use of CBCT also has negative consequences. Routine or excessive use has resulted in increased radiation doses accumulating in the patient's body, which translates into an increased risk of adverse effects. The risk varies according to the age of the patient under study and is directly proportional to it, that is, it is highest for young people and lower for older people. The potential risk is also slightly higher in the female population. For this reason, creating awareness of the mandatory patient safety management of CT scans is a key process by which X-ray exposures can be optimised.

The proper functioning of the patient in the environment is made possible by the interaction of individual systems or single organs. The visual system is undoubtedly one of the most important; it is the one that enables us to find our way and acquire a range of skills to survive in the environment. Unfortunately, if neglected at a young age, complications may remain for the rest of life. A number of tests have now been introduced to check the development and efficiency of a child's eyesight; their cyclical repetition and appropriate identification of changes or lack of them enable an appropriate diagnosis to be made and treatment to be applied, thanks to which we can eliminate or reduce the defect and, more importantly, prevent the development of a new one. Contrary to appearances, vision screening in children does not take place in a single medical visit, it is an ongoing process, and the activities included in the screening should be carried out at each follow-up visit. This allows the practitioner to detect risk factors and eye abnormalities early on, which increases the chance of a positive outcome for the patient. It also enables the specialist to identify children who require more frequent eye checks, or patients who should be referred to a specialist qualified in children's eye examination. During the screening examination, the doctor begins by talking to the child and parent about conditions that run in the family. The aim is to detect and identify risk factors that need to be carefully analysed. These factors include, but are not limited to, premature birth, Down's syndrome, cerebral palsy, a family history of strabismus, visual impairment, retinoblastoma, childhood glaucoma, childhood cataract or eye disease and genetic systemic diseases.