Background: Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) is characterized by anterior wedging of >5 degrees at three or more contiguous vertebrae associated with severe back pain and cosmetic disfigurement. Different surgical interventions have been applied for SK correction, but the optimal operational treatment remains controversial. Objectives: The aim of our study is to analyze all the current indications for the surgical correction of SK, as well as to describe the instrumentation methods and techniques in order to detect the ideal operational management and accompanied complications. Methods: This comprehensive review investigates the up-to-date surgical indications and approaches for SK, the current trends, and the associated postoperative functional outcomes. A detailed search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases in English literature was performed for articles during the last 20 years. Additional criteria were peer-reviewed original studies that provided the type of interventions for SK and the clinical outcomes. Results: Thirty studies that met our induction criteria were analyzed. The up-to-date surgical indications such as back pain, failure of conservative treatment, progression of deformity, and neurological complications were described. Anterior (AO) and posterior-only (PO), and combined anterior–posterior (AP) approaches and instrumentation techniques were outlined. The most common side effects of the above interventions were hardware failure, loss of correction and Proximal Junctional Kyphosis. Contrariwise, in PO, reduced blood loss and operational duration was noted. Conclusions: Although the published studies reported contradictory results of the effectiveness of the various techniques applied for SK treatment, the PO fusion was correlated with a decreased rate of complications that resulted in its current increase in popularity.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common procedures performed in orthopedics. It has the potential for multiple complications. We present a case of a patient who developed a Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving injury) of the knee in the setting of a postoperative seroma after aggressive physical therapy manipulation following TKA. Clinically, the presentation was similar to a prosthetic joint infection. The patient was treated with thorough open irrigation, debridement, and dead space management with internal quilting sutures, followed by the placement of negative pressure wound therapy and compression, all of which are mainstays of treatment for closed degloving injuries. Despite the rarity of the lesion, the surgeon should maintain a high level of suspicion, even in the setting of seemingly minor repetitive trauma.

Background: The primary concern of hip surgeons is restoring the physiological biomechanics of the hip joint through arthroplasty, thereby enabling patients with osteoarthritis to engage better in daily activities. The modularity of the femoral stem-neck head allows surgeons to better restore the hip’s native biomechanics. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential postoperative complications. This study aims to evaluate patients’ satisfaction and functional outcomes following primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) with modular stem-neck, with a mean follow-up duration of eight years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 208 patients who underwent primary THA with modular stem-neck between February 2012 and July 2019. The follow-up period extended from November 2024 to April 2025. Patients who died from unrelated causes were excluded. Patients’ satisfaction was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, while functional outcomes were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Intraoperative and postoperative complications were meticulously documented. Results: The average follow-up duration was 95.6 months, with a range from 67.7 to 159.7 months. The mean SF-36 score was 91.2 out of 100, indicating high patient satisfaction. The mean HHS was 90 out of 100, reflecting excellent functional outcomes. Notably, some patients achieved the maximum score of 100 in both SF-36 and HHS assessments, while the lowest recorded scores were 54 and 50, respectively. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 67.1 years. One case of periprosthetic fracture was reported; however, no complications related to modular necks, such as trunnionosis or implant failure, were observed. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that modular neck primary THA could achieve excellent functional and radiological outcomes, high patient satisfaction, and outstanding long-term survivorship, provided that implant selection and surgical technique follow biomechanical principles.

Background/Objectives: Sciatica and hip osteoarthritis (OA) are common causes of lower extremity pain and functional impairment. Because both conditions may produce overlapping symptoms, distinguishing them can be challenging. Misdiagnosis may lead to inappropriate treatment, delayed intervention and unnecessary procedures. In addition, the frequent coexistence of hip and lumbar degenerative pathology, commonly referred to as hip–spine syndrome, further complicates diagnostic evaluation. This review aims to examine current diagnostic strategies used to differentiate lumbar radiculopathy from hip OA and to introduce the Athena Sign, which is presented as a preliminary, hypothesis-generating clinical observation requiring prospective validation. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was performed focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, physical examination and imaging evaluation of sciatica and hip OA. Particular emphasis was placed on clinical examination techniques and diagnostic injections used to identify the primary pain generator. Results: Both conditions share overlapping symptom patterns and inflammatory mechanisms, which may obscure the source of pain. Careful assessment of gait, hip range of motion, neurological findings and provocative maneuvers remains essential for accurate diagnosis. Imaging findings should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical examination due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic degenerative changes. The Athena Sign, observed with internal and external rotation of the hips in a prone position with the knee flexed, is associated with anterior intra-articular hip pathology and may provide an additional diagnostic indicator in patients with ambiguous hip–spine presentations. Conclusions: A systematic diagnostic approach integrating clinical examination, imaging and targeted diagnostic injections is essential for distinguishing between lumbar radiculopathy and hip OA. Recognition of dynamic clinical findings such as the Athena Sign may further improve diagnostic accuracy and guide appropriate management in patients presenting with overlapping hip and lumbar symptoms.