Background: Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) is characterized by anterior wedging of >5 degrees at three or more contiguous vertebrae associated with severe back pain and cosmetic disfigurement. Different surgical interventions have been applied for SK correction, but the optimal operational treatment remains controversial. Objectives: The aim of our study is to analyze all the current indications for the surgical correction of SK, as well as to describe the instrumentation methods and techniques in order to detect the ideal operational management and accompanied complications. Methods: This comprehensive review investigates the up-to-date surgical indications and approaches for SK, the current trends, and the associated postoperative functional outcomes. A detailed search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases in English literature was performed for articles during the last 20 years. Additional criteria were peer-reviewed original studies that provided the type of interventions for SK and the clinical outcomes. Results: Thirty studies that met our induction criteria were analyzed. The up-to-date surgical indications such as back pain, failure of conservative treatment, progression of deformity, and neurological complications were described. Anterior (AO) and posterior-only (PO), and combined anterior–posterior (AP) approaches and instrumentation techniques were outlined. The most common side effects of the above interventions were hardware failure, loss of correction and Proximal Junctional Kyphosis. Contrariwise, in PO, reduced blood loss and operational duration was noted. Conclusions: Although the published studies reported contradictory results of the effectiveness of the various techniques applied for SK treatment, the PO fusion was correlated with a decreased rate of complications that resulted in its current increase in popularity.

Scheuermann’s kyphosis (SK) is a rigid dorsal kyphosis of unclear pathophysiological origin. The aim of this review is to summarise current theories and both clinical and experimental findings regarding the underlying mechanisms of SK. Emerging evidence highlights the significant role of excessive mechanical loading as a major contributor to defective growth of the cartilaginous vertebral endplate. This is associated with the formation of Schmorl’s nodes, disruption of the ring apophysis, and compromised intervertebral disc integrity—ultimately resulting in vertebral body wedging and thickening of the anterior longitudinal ligament. In addition, numerous studies have investigated the genetic contribution and underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SK. Recent in vivo findings suggest an association between asymmetric mechanosensory activation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), contacting neurons, and defective Reissner fibre signalling, which may contribute to abnormal spinal morphogenesis in the sagittal thoracic plane. These findings indicate a potential link between altered CSF dynamics and the development of SK. Taken together, the evidence supports a multifactorial aetiology, with both genetic and biomechanical factors playing central roles in the development of Scheuermann’s kyphosis. The interpretation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanism could result in the early detection of the subjects that may have genetical predisposition for SK appearance and the development of target molecular treatments in order to counter the progression of the deformity.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most common procedures performed in orthopedics. It has the potential for multiple complications. We present a case of a patient who developed a Morel-Lavallée lesion (closed degloving injury) of the knee in the setting of a postoperative seroma after aggressive physical therapy manipulation following TKA. Clinically, the presentation was similar to a prosthetic joint infection. The patient was treated with thorough open irrigation, debridement, and dead space management with internal quilting sutures, followed by the placement of negative pressure wound therapy and compression, all of which are mainstays of treatment for closed degloving injuries. Despite the rarity of the lesion, the surgeon should maintain a high level of suspicion, even in the setting of seemingly minor repetitive trauma.

Background: The development of less invasive all‐inside techniques regarding anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has been associated with various advantages, including fewer complications and reduced postoperative pain. Silva et al. described a quadruple semitendinosus graft construct and suspensory button fixation for ACL reconstruction as an alternative technique. At the end of this technique, the tibial tunnel is filled with a bone autograft plug. This paper aims to examine the incorporation of the autograft and thus evaluate whether the “Silva technique” provides the same benefits as all‐inside techniques.Methods: A prospective study assessed 31 patients undergoing ACL reconstruction surgery using the “Silva technique.” The cases involved in the study were skeletally mature patients with no previous history of ACL surgery or multiligamentous instability. All patients followed the same rehabilitation program and were examined at three standardized follow‐up visits: 4 months, 8 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Tegner–Lysholm knee score (TLKS), visual analog score (VAS) for pain, and the IKDC subjective knee score were completed at every visit. A knee MRI scan was performed at every scheduled visit to assess bone graft incorporation and remodeling.Results: TLKS scores revealed a considerable improvement compared to preoperative figures, from 57.2 points preoperatively to an average of 99.4 at the 12‐month follow‐up (p < 0.0001). VAS scores were substantially ameliorated after the operation and until the second follow‐up visit, from 5 before surgery to zero 8 months after the operation, with no noteworthy alterations afterward (p < 0.0001). IKDC subjective knee score outcomes were found to have increased at the last follow‐up, from 59.3 prior to surgery to 99.8 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.0001). Regarding the MRI features of the bone autograft, the tibial tunnel was entirely filled by bone formation at the last MRI scan, suggesting complete integration of the autograft in all patients.Conclusions: Bone autograft employed to seal the tibial tunnel was completely incorporated in all cases 1 year postoperatively. The “Silva technique” appears to feature all the avails of all‐inside techniques, whilst it seems to be simpler and easier than them after the surgeon is familiarized with its particular aspects. It is a robust option in orthopedic surgeons’ arsenal. However, further large‐scale pertinent research is requisite to confirm the findings of this study.

Rotational malalignment is relatively common after intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures and may lead to significant clinical symptoms. Comminution, inherent differences in femoral version, and the absence of reliable clinical markers make achieving anatomical rotational reduction challenging, even for experienced surgeons. Various methods have been described to surgically correct rotational deformities, depending on the time elapsed since the original surgery and whether the fracture has already united. Both open and closed techniques have been used, along with different types of osteosynthesis hardware. We present a case of a subtrochanteric fracture malreduction fixed in 30° of internal rotation, which was corrected through an open femoral osteotomy using a Gigli saw while retaining the original nail three months after the index operation. This operative approach yielded optimal results in our case.

Background: The primary concern of hip surgeons is restoring the physiological biomechanics of the hip joint through arthroplasty, thereby enabling patients with osteoarthritis to engage better in daily activities. The modularity of the femoral stem-neck head allows surgeons to better restore the hip’s native biomechanics. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential postoperative complications. This study aims to evaluate patients’ satisfaction and functional outcomes following primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) with modular stem-neck, with a mean follow-up duration of eight years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 208 patients who underwent primary THA with modular stem-neck between February 2012 and July 2019. The follow-up period extended from November 2024 to April 2025. Patients who died from unrelated causes were excluded. Patients’ satisfaction was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, while functional outcomes were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS). Intraoperative and postoperative complications were meticulously documented. Results: The average follow-up duration was 95.6 months, with a range from 67.7 to 159.7 months. The mean SF-36 score was 91.2 out of 100, indicating high patient satisfaction. The mean HHS was 90 out of 100, reflecting excellent functional outcomes. Notably, some patients achieved the maximum score of 100 in both SF-36 and HHS assessments, while the lowest recorded scores were 54 and 50, respectively. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 67.1 years. One case of periprosthetic fracture was reported; however, no complications related to modular necks, such as trunnionosis or implant failure, were observed. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that modular neck primary THA could achieve excellent functional and radiological outcomes, high patient satisfaction, and outstanding long-term survivorship, provided that implant selection and surgical technique follow biomechanical principles.