The aim of this study was to determine the optimal method for teaching human anatomy by comparing classical laboratory (traditional), video‐assisted and three‐dimensional (3D) application methods for students who had previously received only online academic anatomy education. GPower 3.1.9.4 was used for power analysis to establish sample size. After power analysis, it was decided to have 28 people in each group. Participants were given pre‐anatomy education tests and divided into four matched groups: Group 1: no additional education, Group 2: Video‐assisted education, Group 3: Applied 3D anatomy education, Group 4: Practical laboratory anatomy education. Each group received 5 weeks of education in muscular system anatomy. The pre‐test results showed no statistically significant differences among the groups. The post‐test results showed statistically significant improvement in scores (p < 0.001): group 4; 59%, group 3; 33%, group 2; 9%. The difference between group 1 and group 2 was statistically significant (p < 0.01). The difference between the groups in post hoc comparisons with all other groups was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results of this study show that while the optimal anatomy teaching method is conservative, the best alternative is 3D application.

Cancer is a significant public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Phytotherapy studies have gained importance due to the side effect of standard cancer therapy protocols. Viburnum opulus, belongs to the Caprifoliaceae family, is used in the treatment of various diseases. Anticarcinogenic effects of Viburnum opulus have also been reported. The aim of this study is to compare the cytotoxic effect of Gilaburu juice extract given at various doses against EAT cell in culture. The juice of the fermented Gilaburu fruit were centrifuged filtered through a 50 kDa filter and the fraction below 50 kDa was lyophilized. The EAT cells in the ascitic fluid from the previously prepared stock animal were counted and plated on 96 well plates. The first group of five was determined as the control group and the other groups were given 50–100–200 μg/mL Gilaburu extract. At the end of 3, 24 and 48 h cultured periods, the cells were counted and the number of viable and dead cells was noted. The number of dead and alive cells in control and experimental groups did not change after 3 hours period but there were 50% dead cells in experimental groups after 24 h culture period.

Objective: Irregular and abnormal small additional bones called Wormian bones can be encountered between the skull bones. This study aimed to investigate the incidence, topographical distribution, morphology, and interrelationship of the Wormian and Inca bones in Central Anatolia Region dry adult skulls. Methods: In the study, 119 adult skulls were examined. The location and frequency of additional bones (Wormian) in the sutures in the cranium were determined. Skulls with Inca bones were identified. The Inca bones were typified in accordance with the literature and their dimensions in the transverse and sagittal axis were measured with a digital caliper. Results: Wormian bone was present in 33 of 119 adult skulls (27.7%). Of the 33 bones, 22 were detected in the male (66.66%) and 11 female (33.34%) skulls. The locations of the Wormian bones in the order of decreasing incidence were the lambdoid suture (16.0%, 19/119), pterion (16.0%, 19/119), lambda (7.6%, 9/119), asterion (2.5%, 3/119), and bregma (1.7%, 2/119). Nine Inca bones were found in the lambdoid region (27.3%, 9/33). Six of these bones (66.7%) were in the male skull. We found that two of these bones were incomplete lateral asymmetric, two were complete symmetric bipartite, two were incomplete asymmetric bipartite and three were incomplete median type. We found that 13 (10.9%) of the skulls in the study had metopic sutures and 0.8% had craniosynostosis. When the craniums with metopic suture were evaluated, it was found that 8 of them (61.5%) had additional bone. 50% of the Wormian bones were found in the lambdoid suture. Conclusion: It has been found that the incidence of Wormian bone increases with suture variations. It was determined that the frequency of Inca bone variation may vary depending on regional differences.

Joint Diseases and Related Surgery (JDRS), the official journal of the Turkish Joint Diseases Foundation, is an international, peer-reviewed, immediate open access journal. All published articles in JDRS has been free for everyone, without embargo, since 1990.