This study investigates the spatiotemporal evolution of the Yellow River Delta shoreline from 1976 to 2024 using 156 remote sensing images and hydrological data. By integrating waterline extraction, DSAS model, and EPR index analysis, quantified shoreline dynamics and identified dominant drivers. Results reveal distinct subregional patterns: the Diaokou Subdelta transitioned from severe erosion (-372.1 m/a, 1976–2002) to dynamic equilibrium (109.5 m/a post-2016) under alternating marine and anthropogenic controls. The Qingshuigou Subdelta exhibited extreme shifts from rapid progradation (1453.9 m/a, 1976–1996) to intense erosion (-1761.0 m/a post-1996) due to channel diversion and sediment deprivation. Dongying Port maintained weak deposition (11.2 m/a) through artificial levee effects, while the active river mouth sustained persistent accretion (3.75 km/a post-2016) under natural sediment supply. Key drivers include fluvial sediment flux (dominant in progradation phases), marine erosion (critical in abandoned lobes), and engineering interventions (e.g., levees reduced erosion by 68.55 m/a). This study highlights the necessity of balancing natural processes and human interventions for coastal resilience, providing a scientific foundation for delta management and sustainable governance.