In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

The recent trend of edge computing extends cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) to the edge of the network. Similar to most systems, an intrusion-detection system (IDS) is commonly used to mitigate cybersecurity threats in edge computing. Due to the limitations in edge nodes (e.g., in terms of computational and storage capabilities), efficient and fair resource allocation within an IDS is challenging. This article studies IDS architecture and resource allocation in edge computing. Specifically, the proposed system is designed to facilitate multiple resources sharing and heterogeneous resource-demanding allocation. A general edge computing IDS architecture is presented, and we use this as the basis for our model for allocating resources. Then, a single-layer dominant and max-min fair (SDMMF) allocation is used, which has been theoretically proven to satisfy all hierarchical resource allocation properties, and a multilayer resource allocation scheme [in our system, the multilayer dominant and max-min fair (MDMMF) allocation] is used to cope with the multiple resources fair allocation in multiple layers.

Currently, Internet of Things (IoT) as an essential infrastructure proposed for industries and different applications has been popularly applied to different domains, such as healthcare and smart farming, for helping people to do something, aiming to improve our living environments. LoRaWAN, as a Long Range Wide Area Network specification recommended by the LoRa Alliance, is a low power and long distance communication protocol suitable for IoT environments. This protocol adopts a widely used data encryption method, i.e., Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), developed based on powerful algebra operations and multiple encryption cycles to ensure its communication security. LoRaWAN reduces communication power by setting different transmission latencies for different end-devices; however, AES does not take into account its end device’s encryption power. In this paper, a high secure but low power consumption communication scheme for the LoRaWAN, named the Secure Low Power Communication method (SeLPC for short), is proposed to further reduce end-devices’ data encryption power by reducing encryption cycles of AES. In the SeLPC, encryption key and D-Box update procedure is presented to enhance security level and simplify AES encryption process so that the power consumption can be further lowered. Comparing with the traditional AES, the analysis results show that the SeLPC can minimize the encryption power up to 26.2%. The SeLPC can also resist three attacks, including known-key, replay, and eavesdropping attacks and is practically helpful for use in LoRaWAN IoT environments.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) plays a paramount role in various fields, such as military, aerospace, reconnaissance, agriculture, and many more. The development and implementation of these devices have become vital in terms of usability and reachability. Unfortunately, as they become widespread and their demand grows, they are becoming more and more vulnerable to several security attacks, including, but not limited to, jamming, information leakage, and spoofing. In order to cope with such attacks and security threats, a proper design of robust security protocols is indispensable. Although several pieces of research have been carried out with this regard, there are still research gaps, particularly concerning UAV-to-UAV secure communication, support for perfect forward secrecy, and provision of non-repudiation. Especially in a military scenario, it is essential to solve these gaps. In this paper, we studied the security prerequisites of the UAV communication protocol, specifically in the military setting. More importantly, a security protocol (with two sub-protocols), that serves in securing the communication between UAVs, and between a UAV and a Ground Control Station, is proposed. This protocol, apart from the common security requirements, achieves perfect forward secrecy and non-repudiation, which are essential to a secure military communication. The proposed protocol is formally and thoroughly verified by using the BAN-logic (Burrow-Abadi-Needham logic) and Scyther tool, followed by performance evaluation and implementation of the protocol on a real UAV. From the security and performance evaluation, it is indicated that the proposed protocol is superior compared to other related protocols while meeting confidentiality, integrity, mutual authentication, non-repudiation, perfect forward secrecy, perfect backward secrecy, response to DoS (Denial of Service) attacks, man-in-the-middle protection, and D2D (Drone-to-Drone) security.

With an enormous range of applications, the Internet of Things (IoT) has magnetized industries and academicians from everywhere. IoT facilitates operations through ubiquitous connectivity by providing Internet access to all the devices with computing capabilities. With the evolution of wireless infrastructure, the focus from simple IoT has been shifted to smart, connected and mobile IoT (M-IoT) devices and platforms, which can enable low-complexity, low-cost and efficient computing through sensors, machines, and even crowdsourcing. All these devices can be grouped under a common term of M-IoT. Even though the positive impact on applications has been tremendous, security, privacy and trust are still the major concerns for such networks and insufficient enforcement of these requirements introduces non-negligible threats to M-IoT devices and platforms. Thus, it is important to understand the range of solutions which are available for providing a secure, privacy-compliant, and trustworthy mechanism for M-IoT. There is no direct survey available, which focuses on security, privacy, trust, secure protocols, physical layer security and handover protections in M-IoT. This paper covers such requisites and presents comparisons of state-the-art solutions for IoT which are applicable to security, privacy, and trust in smart and connected M-IoT networks. Apart from these, various challenges, applications, advantages, technologies, standards, open issues, and roadmap for security, privacy and trust are also discussed in this paper.

This paper presents an in-depth overview of the Bluetooth 5.1 Direction Finding standard’s potentials, thanks to enhancing the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) firmware. This improvement allows producers to create location applications based on the Angle of Departure (AoD) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA). Accordingly, it is conceivable to design proper Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), for instance, for the traceability of resources, assets, and people. First of all, Radio Frequency (RF) radiogoniometry techniques, helpful in calculating AoA and AoD angles, are introduced in this paper. Subsequently, the topic relating to signal direction estimation is deepened. The Bluetooth Core Specification updates concerning version 5.1, both at the packet architecture and prototyping levels, are also reported. Some suitable platforms and development kits for running the new features are then presented, and some basic applications are illustrated. This paper’s final part allows ascertaining the improvement made by this new definition of BLE and possible future developments, especially concerning applications related to devices, assets, or people’s indoor localization. Some preliminary results gathered in a real evaluation scenario are also presented.