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Dr. Fabio Arena
Università Kore di Enna

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0 Big Data
0 Computer Science
0 ITS
0 Autonomous & Connected Vehicles
0 Network Architectures and Protocols

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Review
Published: 21 May 2021 in Sensors
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This paper presents an in-depth overview of the Bluetooth 5.1 Direction Finding standard’s potentials, thanks to enhancing the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) firmware. This improvement allows producers to create location applications based on the Angle of Departure (AoD) and the Angle of Arrival (AoA). Accordingly, it is conceivable to design proper Indoor Positioning Systems (IPS), for instance, for the traceability of resources, assets, and people. First of all, Radio Frequency (RF) radiogoniometry techniques, helpful in calculating AoA and AoD angles, are introduced in this paper. Subsequently, the topic relating to signal direction estimation is deepened. The Bluetooth Core Specification updates concerning version 5.1, both at the packet architecture and prototyping levels, are also reported. Some suitable platforms and development kits for running the new features are then presented, and some basic applications are illustrated. This paper’s final part allows ascertaining the improvement made by this new definition of BLE and possible future developments, especially concerning applications related to devices, assets, or people’s indoor localization. Some preliminary results gathered in a real evaluation scenario are also presented.

ACS Style

Giovanni Pau; Fabio Arena; Yonas Gebremariam; IlSun You. Bluetooth 5.1: An Analysis of Direction Finding Capability for High-Precision Location Services. Sensors 2021, 21, 3589 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Pau, Fabio Arena, Yonas Gebremariam, IlSun You. Bluetooth 5.1: An Analysis of Direction Finding Capability for High-Precision Location Services. Sensors. 2021; 21 (11):3589.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Pau; Fabio Arena; Yonas Gebremariam; IlSun You. 2021. "Bluetooth 5.1: An Analysis of Direction Finding Capability for High-Precision Location Services." Sensors 21, no. 11: 3589.

Review
Published: 16 April 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Autonomous driving is a technological innovation that involves the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the automotive area, representing the future of transport and whose applications will influence the concept of driving and many other features of modern society. Indeed, the introduction of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) on the market, along with the development of related technologies, will have a potential impact not only on the automotive industry but also on urban transport systems. New mobility-related businesses will emerge, whereas existing ones will have to adapt to changes. There are various aspects that affect urban transport systems: in this work, we highlight how road markings, intersections, and pavement design upgradings have a key role for AVs operation. This work aims to describe how contemporary society will be influenced by Autonomous Vehicles’ spread in regard to urban transport systems. A comprehensive analysis of the expected developments within urban transport systems is hereby presented, and some crucial issues concerning benefits and drawbacks are also discussed. From our studies, it emerges that the detection performed by vehicles is mainly affected by road markings characteristics, especially at intersections. Indeed, the need for a new cross-sections type arise, since vehicles wandering phenomena will be reduced due to AVs position-keeping systems.

ACS Style

Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Salvatore Barberi; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. Autonomous Vehicles: An Analysis Both on Their Distinctiveness and the Potential Impact on Urban Transport Systems. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 3604 .

AMA Style

Alessandro Severino, Salvatore Curto, Salvatore Barberi, Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. Autonomous Vehicles: An Analysis Both on Their Distinctiveness and the Potential Impact on Urban Transport Systems. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (8):3604.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Salvatore Barberi; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2021. "Autonomous Vehicles: An Analysis Both on Their Distinctiveness and the Potential Impact on Urban Transport Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8: 3604.

Review
Published: 16 January 2021 in Sustainability
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In the modern era, characterized by intense urbanization and frequent travel between interconnected communities, the constant expansion of cities, associated with high densities and growing need for traveling, has led to a significant increase in road traffic volumes. More than ever, road traffic today requires effort to be managed effectively in order to improve performance and safety conditions, given the greater probability of unpleasant events such as accidents or road congestion with related delays and the increased stress levels of the user and infrastructure. Fortunately, there are already various engineering tools, such as ramp metering, that can be used for this purpose. Ramp metering allows for achieving the aforementioned desired benefits, including improving mobility, reliability, efficiency, and safety, and even reducing environmental impact. It also has been shown to be cost-effective from the existing literature. Further research will be necessary to strengthen the quality, efficacy, and efficiency of ramp metering, especially considering the fast-paced progress in technology (e.g., connected autonomous vehicles and drones used for surveys) and new challenging scenarios (e.g., congested industrial areas and emergency vehicles). This review’s scope is to present a general overview of principal ramp metering solutions, focusing on current research studies in the last couple of years and highlighting some of the main algorithms used for this purpose, depending on diverse scenarios. With this article, the authors desire to present the subject of ramp metering, providing a general overview of its story, evolution, and recent analytical models.

ACS Style

Salvatore Trubia; Salvatore Curto; Salvatore Barberi; Alessandro Severino; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. Analysis and Evaluation of Ramp Metering: From Historical Evolution to the Application of New Algorithms and Engineering Principles. Sustainability 2021, 13, 850 .

AMA Style

Salvatore Trubia, Salvatore Curto, Salvatore Barberi, Alessandro Severino, Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. Analysis and Evaluation of Ramp Metering: From Historical Evolution to the Application of New Algorithms and Engineering Principles. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salvatore Trubia; Salvatore Curto; Salvatore Barberi; Alessandro Severino; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2021. "Analysis and Evaluation of Ramp Metering: From Historical Evolution to the Application of New Algorithms and Engineering Principles." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 850.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Infrastructures
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Transport engineering has recently undergone several significant changes and innovations, one of which is the appearance and spread of autonomous vehicles; with this technology becoming more common and ordinary by the day, it is now necessary to implement some systems and contexts to facilitate autonomous vehicle operations. Consequently, a different perspective is now arising when dealing with road infrastructures, aiming to simplify and improve efficiency and maintenance of the existing roads, increase the life cycle of newly built ones, and minimize the economic and financial impact at the same time. Roadway pavements are one of the primary factors affecting vehicle operations; over time, this distinctive aspect has gone through various mechanical and physical changes due to the adoption of new materials or design methods. Consequently, to the spread of autonomous vehicles, scientific research has begun to study and develop systems to make road pavements and platforms not exclusively aimed at bearing loads, but rather at considering them as a means of communication and information exchange, if not even as a source of energy. This new approach introduces the so-called “Smart Roads,” i.e., road infrastructures capable of communicating with vehicles and self-monitoring fundamental perspectives concerning driverless vehicles and the roadway platform life cycle. This paper examines the characteristics of Smart Roads, considering their broad field of application and their potential advantages and drawbacks. This paper also pursues the objective of describing the global vision, the possible future direction of these innovations concerning the automotive and transport industries, and a particular focus on infrastructures and roadways.

ACS Style

Salvatore Trubia; Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. Smart Roads: An Overview of What Future Mobility Will Look Like. Infrastructures 2020, 5, 107 .

AMA Style

Salvatore Trubia, Alessandro Severino, Salvatore Curto, Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. Smart Roads: An Overview of What Future Mobility Will Look Like. Infrastructures. 2020; 5 (12):107.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salvatore Trubia; Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2020. "Smart Roads: An Overview of What Future Mobility Will Look Like." Infrastructures 5, no. 12: 107.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2020 in Infrastructures
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The goal of civil engineering has always been the research and implementation of methods, technologies, and infrastructures to improve the community’s quality of life. One of the branches of civil engineering that has the strongest effect on progress is transport. The quality of transport has a profound economic and social impact on our communities regarding trade (freight transport) and city livability (public transport systems). However, innovation is not the only way to improve the features above-mentioned, especially public transport, considering that it is usually beneficial to enhance and repurpose vehicles with appropriate adjustments to offer more efficient services. Other perspectives that influence public transport systems are the costs and times of design and construction, maintenance, operating costs, and environmental impact, especially concerning CO2 emissions. Considering these issues, among the various types of existing public transport systems, those of the so-called Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) offer worthwhile results. The BRT system is a type of public road transport operated by bus on reserved lanes, and it is significantly profitable, especially from an economic point of view, in areas where there are existing bus routes. Nonetheless, for the construction of works minimization, it is closely linked to other features that improve its usefulness, depending on the vehicles’ quality such as capacity, but above all, the propulsion or driving autonomy that would guarantee high efficiency. This paper introduces an analysis of some BRT systems operating worldwide, presenting the background, general technical features, and the correlation with autonomous vehicles.

ACS Style

Salvatore Trubia; Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities. Infrastructures 2020, 5, 88 .

AMA Style

Salvatore Trubia, Alessandro Severino, Salvatore Curto, Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities. Infrastructures. 2020; 5 (10):88.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salvatore Trubia; Alessandro Severino; Salvatore Curto; Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2020. "On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities." Infrastructures 5, no. 10: 88.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
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Big data represents one of the most profound and most pervasive evolutions in the digital world. Examples of big data come from Internet of Things (IoT) devices, as well as smart cars, but also the use of social networks, industries, and so on. The sources of data are numerous and continuously increasing, and, therefore, what characterizes big data is not only the volume but also the complexity due to the heterogeneity of information that can be obtained. The fastest growth in spending on big data technologies is happening within banking, healthcare, insurance, securities and investment services, and telecommunications. Remarkably, three of those industries lie within the financial sector, which has many particularly serviceable use cases for big data analytics, such as fraud detection, risk management, and customer service optimization. In fact, the definition of big data analysis refers to the process that encompasses the gathering and analysis of big data to obtain useful information for the business. This paper focuses on delivering a short review concerning the current technologies, future perspectives, and the evaluation of some use cased associated with the analysis of big data.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. An overview of big data analysis. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2020, 9, 1646 -1653.

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. An overview of big data analysis. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics. 2020; 9 (4):1646-1653.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2020. "An overview of big data analysis." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 9, no. 4: 1646-1653.

Review
Published: 30 June 2020 in Infrastructures
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In recent years, the smart car sector has been increasing enormously in the Internet of Things (IoT) market. Furthermore, the number of smart cars seems set to increase over the next few years. This goal will be achieved because the application of recent IoT technologies to the automotive sector opens up innovative opportunities for the mobility of the future, in which connected cars will be more and more prominent in smart cities. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current status and future perspectives of smart cars, taking into account technological, transport, and social features. An analysis concerning the approaches to making smart a generic car, the possible evolutions that could occur in the coming decades, the characteristics of 5G, ADAS (advanced driver assistance systems), and the power sources is carried out in this paper.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. An Overview on the Current Status and Future Perspectives of Smart Cars. Infrastructures 2020, 5, 53 .

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau, Alessandro Severino. An Overview on the Current Status and Future Perspectives of Smart Cars. Infrastructures. 2020; 5 (7):53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. 2020. "An Overview on the Current Status and Future Perspectives of Smart Cars." Infrastructures 5, no. 7: 53.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Sensors
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) allow better coverage, enhanced connectivity, and elongated lifetime when used in telecommunications. However, these features are predominately affected by the policies used for sharing resources amongst the involved nodes. Moreover, the architecture and deployment strategies also have a considerable impact on their functionality. Recently, many researchers have suggested using layer-based UAV deployment, which allows better communications between the entities. Regardless of these solutions, there are a limited number of studies which focus on connecting layered-UAVs to everything (U2X). In particular, none of them have actually addressed the aspect of resource allocation. This paper considers the issue of resource allocation and helps decide the optimal number of transfers amongst the UAVs, which can conserve the maximum amount of energy while increasing the overall probability of resource allocation. The proposed approach relies on mutual-agreement based reward theory, which considers Minkowski distance as a decisive metric and helps attain efficient resource allocation for backhaul-aware U2X. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is demonstrated using Monte-Carlo simulations.

ACS Style

Takshi Gupta; Fabio Arena; IlSun You. Efficient Resource Allocation for Backhaul-Aware Unmanned Air Vehicles-to-Everything (U2X). Sensors 2020, 20, 2994 .

AMA Style

Takshi Gupta, Fabio Arena, IlSun You. Efficient Resource Allocation for Backhaul-Aware Unmanned Air Vehicles-to-Everything (U2X). Sensors. 2020; 20 (10):2994.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takshi Gupta; Fabio Arena; IlSun You. 2020. "Efficient Resource Allocation for Backhaul-Aware Unmanned Air Vehicles-to-Everything (U2X)." Sensors 20, no. 10: 2994.

Review
Published: 26 April 2020 in Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks
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Road safety is an active area of research for the automotive industry, and certainly one of ongoing interest to governments around the world. The intelligent transportation system (ITS) is one of several viable solutions with which to improve road safety, where the communication medium (e.g., among vehicles and between vehicles and the other components in an ITS environment, such as roadside infrastructure) is typically wireless. A typical communication standard adopted by car manufacturers is IEEE 802.11p for communications. Thus, this paper presents an overview of IEEE 802.11p, with a particular focus on its adoption in an ITS setting. Specifically, we analyze both MAC and PHY layers in a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) environment.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. A Review on IEEE 802.11p for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2020, 9, 22 .

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau, Alessandro Severino. A Review on IEEE 802.11p for Intelligent Transportation Systems. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2020; 9 (2):22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. 2020. "A Review on IEEE 802.11p for Intelligent Transportation Systems." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 2: 22.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2019 in Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks
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Connected cars and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication scenarios are attracting more researchers. There will be numerous possibilities offered by V2X in the future. For instance, in the case of vehicles that move in a column, they could react to the braking of those in front of it through the rapid information exchanges, and most chain collisions could be avoided. V2X will be desiderated for routes optimizations, travel time reductions, and accident rate decrease in cases such as communication with infrastructures, traffic information exchanges, functioning of traffic lights, possible situations of danger, and the presence of construction sites or traffic jams. Furthermore, there could be massive conversations between smartphones and vehicles performing real-time dialogues. It is relatively reasonable to expect a connection system in which a pedestrian can report its position to all surrounding vehicles. Regarding this, it is compelling to perceive the positive effects of the driver being aware of the presence of pedestrians when vehicles are moving on the roads. This paper introduces the concepts for the development of a solution based on V2X communications aimed at vehicle and pedestrian safety. A potential system architecture for the development of a real system, concerning the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, is suggested to draft some guidelines that could be followed in new applications.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. V2X Communications Applied to Safety of Pedestrians and Vehicles. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2019, 9, 3 .

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau, Alessandro Severino. V2X Communications Applied to Safety of Pedestrians and Vehicles. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2019; 9 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau; Alessandro Severino. 2019. "V2X Communications Applied to Safety of Pedestrians and Vehicles." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 1: 3.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Applied Sciences
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Fog computing makes up for the shortcomings of cloud computing. It brings many advantages, but various peculiarities must be perceived, such as security, resource management, storage, and other features at the same time. This paper investigates the resource contribution model between the fog node and cloud or users when fog computing introduces blockchain. The proposed model practices the reward and punishment mechanism of the blockchain to boost the fog nodes to contribute resources actively. The behavior of the fog node in contributing resources and the completion degree of the task also for contributing resources are packaged into blocks and stored in the blockchain system to form a transparent, open, and tamper-free service evaluation index. The differential game method is employed to model and solve the above process and address the interaction between the optimal resource contribution strategy of the fog node and the optimal benefit under the optimal resource contribution strategy. Indirectly, this service evaluation index also brings long-term economic benefits to fog service providers. Besides, taking advantage of the performance characteristics of the collective maintenance of blockchain and the ability to establish a credible consensus mechanism in an untrusted environment, fog computing nodes, under the proposed architecture, can have specific security protection capabilities.

ACS Style

Haoyu Wang; Lina Wang; Zhichao Zhou; Xueqiang Tao; Giovanni Pau; Fabio Arena. Blockchain-Based Resource Allocation Model in Fog Computing. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5538 .

AMA Style

Haoyu Wang, Lina Wang, Zhichao Zhou, Xueqiang Tao, Giovanni Pau, Fabio Arena. Blockchain-Based Resource Allocation Model in Fog Computing. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5538.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Haoyu Wang; Lina Wang; Zhichao Zhou; Xueqiang Tao; Giovanni Pau; Fabio Arena. 2019. "Blockchain-Based Resource Allocation Model in Fog Computing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5538.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in IEEE Access
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QoS-aware big data analysis is critical in Information-Centric Internet of Things (IC-IoT) system to support various applications like smart city, smart grid, smart health, intelligent transportation systems, and so on. The employment of non-volatile memory (NVM) in cloud or edge system provides good opportunity to improve quality of data analysis tasks. However, we have to face the data recovery problem led by NVM failure due to the limited write endurance. In this paper, we investigate the data recovery problem for QoS guarantee and system robustness, followed by proposing a rarity-aware data recovery algorithm. The core idea is to establish the rarity indicator to evaluate the replica distribution and service requirement comprehensively. With this idea, we give the lost replicas with distinguishing priority and eliminate the unnecessary replicas. Then, the data replicas are recovered stage by stage to guarantee QoS and provide system robustness. From our extensive experiments and simulations, it is shown that the proposed algorithm has significant performance improvement on QoS and robustness than the traditional direct data recovery method. Besides, the algorithm gives an acceptable data recovery time.

ACS Style

Songyun Wang; Jiabin Yuan; Xin Li; Zhuzhong Qian; Fabio Arena; IlSun You. Active Data Replica Recovery for Quality-Assurance Big Data Analysis in IC-IoT. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 106997 -107005.

AMA Style

Songyun Wang, Jiabin Yuan, Xin Li, Zhuzhong Qian, Fabio Arena, IlSun You. Active Data Replica Recovery for Quality-Assurance Big Data Analysis in IC-IoT. IEEE Access. 2019; 7 ():106997-107005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Songyun Wang; Jiabin Yuan; Xin Li; Zhuzhong Qian; Fabio Arena; IlSun You. 2019. "Active Data Replica Recovery for Quality-Assurance Big Data Analysis in IC-IoT." IEEE Access 7, no. : 106997-107005.

Journal article
Published: 24 January 2019 in Future Internet
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The transport sector is commonly subordinate to several issues, such as traffic congestion and accidents. Despite this, in recent years, it is also evolving with regard to cooperation between vehicles. The fundamental objective of this trend is to increase road safety, attempting to anticipate the circumstances of potential danger. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies strive to give communication models that can be employed by vehicles in different application contexts. The resulting infrastructure is an ad-hoc mesh network whose nodes are not only vehicles but also all mobile devices equipped with wireless modules. The interaction between the multiple connected entities consists of information exchange through the adoption of suitable communication protocols. The main aim of the review carried out in this paper is to examine and assess the most relevant systems, applications, and communication protocols that will distinguish the future road infrastructures used by vehicles. The results of the investigation reveal the real benefits that technological cooperation can involve in road safety.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. An Overview of Vehicular Communications. Future Internet 2019, 11, 27 .

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau. An Overview of Vehicular Communications. Future Internet. 2019; 11 (2):27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Giovanni Pau. 2019. "An Overview of Vehicular Communications." Future Internet 11, no. 2: 27.

Conference paper
Published: 30 November 2018 in AIP Conference Proceedings
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The percentage of the passengers linked to airport activities often reflects not only the level of economic and touristic aspects of a city but also the development of the transport system. The airport area thus becomes a node in the transport system characterized by a high percentage of users, mostly passengers. Numerous studies state that incorporating the behaviour of groups of individuals, especially interactions with fellow travellers and people working within the same transit area, can significantly affect the performance and use of services in the terminals airport. The benefits and the criticalities induced by the movement of a large number of people within confined areas are linked to the definition of impacts that can be seen in terms of time spent in each processing unit, preference of discretionary activity and level of service (LOS) in the processing areas. On the basis of the airport passenger flow model that includes group dynamics, a case study was carried out regarding the movement of users inside the departures area of Fontanarossa-Catania airport. The evaluation of the social forces acting has been carried out through the definition of nodes and arcs with the aid of dedicated software. Some parameters are investigated in order to characterize the iterations between individuals or groups of individuals characterized by common parameters. Among these parameters both closeness and betweenness are particularly important, ie those parameters that show how much they measure the proximity of the various individuals that can limit the movement and the correlation between them The simulation of transit flows and iterations between passengers can be useful to investigate different scenarios inside a terminal such as the maintenance of certain areas that could limit the transit or even simulate evacuation scenarios in emergencies. For designers and airport operators, the model also provides a convenient way to investigate the effectiveness of the design space and services allocations, which can help improve the experience of passengers in Airports. In this sense, the presented work turns out to be fundamental for the definition of the areas and the flows and therefore can provide useful details for the subsequent implementation through micro-simulation tools of the pedestrian outflow.

ACS Style

Giovanni Tesoriere; Tiziana Campisi; Antonino Canale; Alessandro Severino; Fabio Arena. Modelling and simulation of passenger flow distribution at terminal of Catania airport. AIP Conference Proceedings 2018, 2040, 140006 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Tesoriere, Tiziana Campisi, Antonino Canale, Alessandro Severino, Fabio Arena. Modelling and simulation of passenger flow distribution at terminal of Catania airport. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018; 2040 (1):140006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Tesoriere; Tiziana Campisi; Antonino Canale; Alessandro Severino; Fabio Arena. 2018. "Modelling and simulation of passenger flow distribution at terminal of Catania airport." AIP Conference Proceedings 2040, no. 1: 140006.

Conference paper
Published: 30 November 2018 in AIP Conference Proceedings
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This article focuses on the state of the art of autonomous driving vehicles (AV), with particular regard to standard equipment currently in use and future developments. The development of these vehicles will allow to achieving better safety standards, less environmental pollution, greater social equity. Many studies show that these vehicles will be widespread in our streets within 20-30 years. The world around us is rapidly changing, changing the way people and goods travel in and through our cities. By 2030, annual passenger traffic will increase by 50% while global freight volumes traded in the world will grow by 70%; another 1.2 billion cars will travel in our streets by 2050 (twice the current cars). The development of appropriate infrastructures is necessary so that all this is possible.

ACS Style

Fabio Arena; Dario Ticali. The development of autonomous driving vehicles in tomorrow’s smart cities mobility. AIP Conference Proceedings 2018, 2040, 140007 .

AMA Style

Fabio Arena, Dario Ticali. The development of autonomous driving vehicles in tomorrow’s smart cities mobility. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2018; 2040 (1):140007.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fabio Arena; Dario Ticali. 2018. "The development of autonomous driving vehicles in tomorrow’s smart cities mobility." AIP Conference Proceedings 2040, no. 1: 140007.