An updated glacier inventory is important for understanding the current glacier dynamics in the conditions of actual accelerating glacier retreat observed around the world. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the glaciation areas of the Zhetysu Alatau Range (Tien Shan) for 1956–2016 using well-established semiautomatic methods based on the band ratios. The total glacier area decreased by 49 ± 2.8% or by 399 ± 11.2 km² from 813.6 ± 22.8 km² to 414.6 ± 11.6 km² during 1956–2016, while the number of glaciers increased from 985 to 813. Similar rates of area change characterized the periods 1956–2001, 2001–2012, 2012–2016, and 2001–2016: −296.2 ± 8.3 (−0.8% a⁻¹), −63.7± 1.8 (−1.1% a⁻¹), −39.1 ±1.1 (−2.2% a⁻¹) and −102.8 ± 2.9 (−1.3% a⁻¹) km², respectively. The mean glacier size decreased from 0.57 km² in 2001 to 0.51 km² in 2016. Most glaciation areas of the Zhetysu Alatau faced north (north, northwest, and northeast), covered 390.35 ± 11 km², and were located in altitudes between 3000 and 4000 m.a.s.l. With shrinkage rates of about −0.8% and −1.3% a⁻¹ for the periods of 1956–2001 and 2001–2016, our results show that study area has the highest shrinkage rate compared to other glacierized areas of Central Asian mountains, including Altai, Pamir, and even the inner ranges of Tien Shan. It was found that a significant increase in temperature (0.12 °C/10 years) plays a main role in the state of glaciers.

Climate change poses an increasing threat to regions with hot and arid climates, such as the Southern Kazakhstan. In recent decades, this area has experienced rising average annual temperatures, declining precipitation, and more frequent droughts. These changes adversely affect agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems, posing serious risks to both economic and food security. Droughts result in reduced crop yields, soil degradation, and heightened water scarcity, thereby accelerating desertification processes. This study investigates drought conditions in the Southern Kazakhstan in the context of climate change, focusing on changes in drought intensity and frequency. The primary objective is to analyze drought trends from 1950 to 2023 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), which incorporates temperature data. Long-term records of precipitation and air temperature were used, and the Mann-Kendall test was applied to identify trends in climate variables and drought characteristics.

The movement of air particles is a very mobile medium, which is usually chaotic or turbulent in nature. Turbulence (translated from latin "turbo" means vortex) is a state of the atmosphere in which a vortex and wind can form horizontal and vertical cracks. The influence of atmospheric turbulence on the flight of the aircraft is manifested in sudden and unexpected changes in the horizontal flight configuration. A sharp and sudden change in flight mode due to the effect of turbulence is usually called a "vibration" or bump. Vibration depends on the physical state of the atmosphere, time of year, time of day, altitude of the terrain, its orographic features and meteorological conditions. In the article, work was carried out to identify the features of vibration propagation and its relationship with meteorological parameters at the airport of Almaty in the period from 2015 to 2019. As a result, it was showed that the maximum frequency of vibration at the considered standard levels of 960-110 hPa corresponds to the cold period of the year and occurs at the height of takeoff and landing. As for the connection between air temperature and vibration, it has found that vibration is most common in the temperature range from -4 ° C to 0 ° C. It was also revealed that the frequency of vibration most often coincides in cloudless conditions, i.e. the total number of cases is 439 (00 hours) and 609 (12 hours), respectively, the frequency is 61 and 84%. During the study of the relationship between vibration and clouds, it was recorded that vibration exists only with 3 different clouds, i.e. Ci, Ac and Sc. The results of the study can be widely used in the fields of civil aviation, military aviation. Движение частиц воздуха представляет собой очень подвижную среду, которая обычно носит хаотичный или турбулентный характер. Турбулентность (в переводе с латинского «турбо» означает вихрь) - это состояние атмосферы, при котором вихрь и ветер могут образовывать горизонтальные и вертикальные трещины. Влияние атмосферной турбулентности на полет самолета проявляется в резких и внезапных изменениях горизонтального режима полета. Резкое и внезапное изменение режима полета из-за эффекта турбулентности обычно называют «болтанкой» или ремой. Болтанка зависит от физического состояния атмосферы, времени года, времени суток, высоты местности, ее орографических особенностей и метеорологических условий. В статье проведена работа по выявлению особенностей распространения болтанки и ее связи с метеорологическими параметрами по аэропорту города Алматы в период с 2015 по 2019 годы. В результате было показано, что максимум повторяемости болтанки на рассматриваемых стандартных уровнях 960-110 гПа соответствует холодному периоду года и встречается на высоте взлета и посадки. Что касается связи температуры воздуха и болтанки, то установлено, что болтанка чаще всего находится в интервале температур от -4°С до 0°С. Также выявлено, что повторяемость болтанки чаще всего совпадает в безоблачных условиях, т. е. общее число случаев равно 439 (00 часов) и 609 (12 часов), соответственно повторяемость составляет 61 и 84%. В ходе исследования связи болтанки и облачности было зафиксировано, что болтанка существует только при 3-х различных облачностях, т. е. Ci, Ac и Sc. Результаты исследования могут быть широко использованы в сферах гражданской авиации, военной авиации. Ауа - бөлшектердің қозғалысы әдетте ретсіз немесе турбулентті сипатта болатын өте жылжымалы орта. Турбуленттілік (латынша «турбо» сөзінен аударғанда құйындалу, иірім дегенді білдіреді) - бұл атмосфераның түрлі өлшемінде құйын мен желдің көлденең және тік жарықтары пайда бола алатын жай-күйі. Атмосфералық турбуленттіліктің ұшақтың ұшуына әсері көлденең ұшу режимінің күрт және кенеттен өзгерістерінде көрінеді. Турбуленттіліктің әсері салдарынан ұшу режимінің күрт және кенеттен өзгеруін әдетте «діріл» немесе рема деп атайды. Діріл атмосфераның физикалық жағдайына, жыл уақытына, тәулік уақытына, жергілікті жердің биіктігіне, оның орографиялық ерекшеліктеріне және...