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Patrick Hildebrandt
Chair of Silviculture, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany

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Journal article
Published: 23 June 2020 in Diversity
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Background: The impact of selective thinning on forest diversity has been extensively studied in temperate and boreal regions. However, in the tropics, knowledge is still poor regarding the impacts of this silvicultural treatment on functional diversity, especially in tropical mountain forests, which are considered to be highly biodiverse ecosystems and also endangered by human activities. By evaluating the changes on functional diversity by using different indicators, hypothesizing that selective thinning significantly affects (directly or indirectly) tropical mountain forests, this work promotes sustainable ecosystem use. Methods: A total of 52 permanent plots of 2500 m2 each were installed in a primary mountain forest in the San Francisco Biological Reserve to assess the impact of this silvicultural treatment. Selective thinning can be defined as a controlled process, in which trees that compete with ecologically and/or valuable timber species are progressively removed to stimulate the development of profitable ones, called potential crop trees (PCT). In doing so, the best specimens remain in the forest stand until their final harvest. After PCT selection, 30 plots were chosen for the intervention, while 22 plots served as control plots. The thinning intensity fluctuated between 4 and 56 trees ha−1 (average 18.8 ± 12.1 stems ha−1). Functional Diversity (FD) indices, including the community weighted mean (CWM), were determined based on six traits using the FD package implemented in R software. The difference between initial and final conditions of functional richness (FRic), functional divergence (FDiv), functional evenness (FEve), functional dispersion (FDis), and Rao quadratic entropy (RaoQ) was modeled using linear mixed models (LMM). As fixed factors, we used all the predictors inherent to structural and ecological forest conditions before and after the selective thinning and as a random variable, we used the membership to nested sampling units. Results: Functional Richness (FRic) showed significant changes after selective thinning, the other indexes (FEve, FDis, FDiv, RaoQ) were only influenced by predictors related to ecological conditions and characteristics of the community.

ACS Style

Omar Cabrera; Patrick Hildebrandt; Bernd Stimm; Sven Günter; Andreas Fries; Reinhard Mosandl. Functional Diversity Changes after Selective Thinning in a Tropical Mountain Forest in Southern Ecuador. Diversity 2020, 12, 256 .

AMA Style

Omar Cabrera, Patrick Hildebrandt, Bernd Stimm, Sven Günter, Andreas Fries, Reinhard Mosandl. Functional Diversity Changes after Selective Thinning in a Tropical Mountain Forest in Southern Ecuador. Diversity. 2020; 12 (6):256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omar Cabrera; Patrick Hildebrandt; Bernd Stimm; Sven Günter; Andreas Fries; Reinhard Mosandl. 2020. "Functional Diversity Changes after Selective Thinning in a Tropical Mountain Forest in Southern Ecuador." Diversity 12, no. 6: 256.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2019 in Forests
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Research Highlights: This study determined that treatment “release from competitors” causes different reactions in selected timber species respective to diametrical growth, in which the initial size of the tree (diametric class) is important. Also, the growth habit and phenological traits (defoliation) of the species must be considered, which may have an influence on growth after release. Background and Objectives: The objective of the study was to analyze the diametric growth of nine timber species after their release to answer the following questions: (i) Can the diametric growth of the selected timber species be increased by release? (ii) Does the release cause different responses among the tree species? (iii) Are other factors important, such as the initial diameter at breast height (DBH) or the general climate conditions? Materials and Methods: Four-hundred and eighty-eight trees belonging to nine timber species were selected and monitored over a three-year period. Release was applied to 197 trees, whereas 251 trees served as control trees to evaluate the response of diametrical growth. To determine the response of the trees, a linear mixed model (GLMM, R package: LMER4) was used, which was adjusted by a one-way ANOVA test. Results: All species showed a similar annual cycle respective to diametric increases, which is due to the per-humid climate in the area. Precipitation is secondary for the diametric growth because sufficient rainfall occurs throughout year. What is more important, however, are variations in temperature. However, the species responded differently to release. This is because the initial DBH and growth habit are more important factors. Therefore, the species could be classified into three specific groups: Positive, negative and no response to release. Conclusions: Species which prefer open sites responded positively to release, while shade tolerant species and species with pronounced phenological traits responded negatively. The initial DBH was also an important factor for diametric increases. This is because trees of class I (20 cm to 30 cm DBH) responded positively to the treatment, whereas for bigger or older individuals, the differences decreased or became negative.

ACS Style

Omar Cabrera; Andreas Fries; Patrick Hildebrandt; Sven Günter; Reinhard Mosandl. Early Growth Response of Nine Timber Species to Release in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador. Forests 2019, 10, 254 .

AMA Style

Omar Cabrera, Andreas Fries, Patrick Hildebrandt, Sven Günter, Reinhard Mosandl. Early Growth Response of Nine Timber Species to Release in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador. Forests. 2019; 10 (3):254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omar Cabrera; Andreas Fries; Patrick Hildebrandt; Sven Günter; Reinhard Mosandl. 2019. "Early Growth Response of Nine Timber Species to Release in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador." Forests 10, no. 3: 254.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2019 in Forests
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The dry forest of southern Ecuador and northern Perú (called the Tumbesian region) is known for its high diversity, endemism, and healthy conservation state. Nevertheless, the forest is exposed to many threats linked with human activities. To understand the effects of these threats, which have not been appropriately assessed, we pose two questions: (a) What are the diversity and structural situations of the forest? (b) Are anthropogenic activities affecting the composition and structure of the forest? The assessed factors were species richness, diversity, species similarity, abundance, and density. Forest information was obtained from 72 plots (total area 25.92 ha) randomly placed to cover a wide range of stand densities (from 200 to 1100 m a.s.l.). After constructing linear mixed models and selecting the most influential one, we determined the individual influences of 12 predictors. The human pressure index (HPI) was the most negative predictor of forest health, and annual precipitation was the most important abiotic predictor of good health conditions. Livestock grazing did not significantly change the diversity and structure of mature forest. The mean annual temperature and stoniness influenced only the basal area and number of individuals, respectively. The species composition in our study area was not affected by the HPI, but was strongly predicted by annual precipitation.

ACS Style

Jorge Cueva Ortiz; Carlos Iván Espinosa; Carlos Quiroz Dahik; Zhofre Aguirre Mendoza; Eduardo Cueva Ortiz; Elizabeth Gusmán; Michael Weber; Patrick Hildebrandt. Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure of a Dry Forest in the Central Part of the Tumbesian Region (Ecuador–Perú). Forests 2019, 10, 31 .

AMA Style

Jorge Cueva Ortiz, Carlos Iván Espinosa, Carlos Quiroz Dahik, Zhofre Aguirre Mendoza, Eduardo Cueva Ortiz, Elizabeth Gusmán, Michael Weber, Patrick Hildebrandt. Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure of a Dry Forest in the Central Part of the Tumbesian Region (Ecuador–Perú). Forests. 2019; 10 (1):31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Cueva Ortiz; Carlos Iván Espinosa; Carlos Quiroz Dahik; Zhofre Aguirre Mendoza; Eduardo Cueva Ortiz; Elizabeth Gusmán; Michael Weber; Patrick Hildebrandt. 2019. "Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on the Diversity and Structure of a Dry Forest in the Central Part of the Tumbesian Region (Ecuador–Perú)." Forests 10, no. 1: 31.

Preprint
Published: 26 October 2018
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Research Highlights: The study determined that selective thinning causes different responses, the initial size of the tree released is an influential factor in the growth of species. The temporality of climate and physiological conditions of each species are influential in the growth. It is evident that the defoliation of certain species is an important factor that limits the growth of the species causing thinning to have a negative response. Background and Objectives: The objective is to analyze the behavior of nine timber species, respective to diametric growth after their liberation. This research aims to answer the following questions: (i) How do the selected tree species react to the liberation? (ii) Can the productivity of the trees (diametric growth) be enhanced by liberation? (iii) Are there other factors that influence the diametric growth of the released trees? Materials and Methods: The study was executed in the “Reserva Biológica San Francisco” were 488 trees were monitored, including nine timber species. Therefore, 197 trees were released (removal of competitors) and 251 trees served as reference. To check whether the initial DBH or other factors, like the selective thinning or climate conditions, determine the diameter growth a linear mixed model GLMM was applied. To adjust the linear mixed model a one-way Anova test was executed. Results: Timber species responded differently to the thinning in comparing to reference trees. Therefore, the species analyzed were separated into three groups (positive, negative, and no response to liberation). Conclusions: Liberation potentiates the growth of certain timber species that do not defoliate and considered semi-tolerant to shade. Precipitation and temperature affect all species, but in the defoliate species, it would not be convenient to release them or at least the evidence of these first three years does not show clear differences with control trees. Increase in trees released are higher in trees of the first two diametric classes in all species, this means that larger trees (i.e., older) release does not affect them in a positive way so release should occur in the youngest trees.

ACS Style

Omar Cabrera; Andreas Fries; Patrick Hildebrandt; Reinhard Mosandl. Early Response to Liberation and Climatic Seasonality of Selected Timber Species in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Omar Cabrera, Andreas Fries, Patrick Hildebrandt, Reinhard Mosandl. Early Response to Liberation and Climatic Seasonality of Selected Timber Species in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Omar Cabrera; Andreas Fries; Patrick Hildebrandt; Reinhard Mosandl. 2018. "Early Response to Liberation and Climatic Seasonality of Selected Timber Species in a Tropical Mountain Forest of Southern Ecuador." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 May 2018 in Sustainability
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The páramo, a collection of Neotropical alpine ecosystems, plays a prominent role in ecosystem services (ESs), providing water supply and regulation, conservation of biodiversity, and carbon storage in soil. The establishment of pine plantations for carbon sequestration and wood production has recently raised questions concerning the possible impact on the páramo’s ES. This study identifies the main stakeholders in this field and compares and contrasts their perceptions of the impact of pine plantations on the páramo’s ES, because the disparity among stakeholders’ perceptions must be addressed to achieve sustainable management. The data were gathered using 56 semi-structured interviews and were qualitatively analyzed. The results show that the main stakeholder groups (landowners, local government officials, foresters, and nature conservationists) acknowledge the important ES of the plantations. The perception of plantation impact varies among and within stakeholder groups, however, on specific functions, such as water provision, carbon storage, erosion prevention, and habitat function for wildlife and natural vegetation. Consideration and integration of these perceptions can help policy makers and organizations develop sustainable policies for the future management of the páramo ecosystem.

ACS Style

Carlos Quiroz Dahik; Patricio Crespo; Bernd Stimm; Felipe Murtinho; Michael Weber; Patrick Hildebrandt. Contrasting Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Pine Plantations in the Páramo Ecosystem of Ecuador. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1707 .

AMA Style

Carlos Quiroz Dahik, Patricio Crespo, Bernd Stimm, Felipe Murtinho, Michael Weber, Patrick Hildebrandt. Contrasting Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Pine Plantations in the Páramo Ecosystem of Ecuador. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (6):1707.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carlos Quiroz Dahik; Patricio Crespo; Bernd Stimm; Felipe Murtinho; Michael Weber; Patrick Hildebrandt. 2018. "Contrasting Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Pine Plantations in the Páramo Ecosystem of Ecuador." Sustainability 10, no. 6: 1707.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2015 in Erdkunde
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ACS Style

Daniel Kübler; Patrick Hildebrandt; Sven Günter; Bernd Stimm; Michael Weber; Reinhard Mosandl; Johana Muñoz; Omar Cabrera; Jörg Zeilinger; Brenner Silva. Assessing the importance of topographic variables for the spatial distribution of tree species in a tropical mountain forest. Erdkunde 2015, 70, 19 -47.

AMA Style

Daniel Kübler, Patrick Hildebrandt, Sven Günter, Bernd Stimm, Michael Weber, Reinhard Mosandl, Johana Muñoz, Omar Cabrera, Jörg Zeilinger, Brenner Silva. Assessing the importance of topographic variables for the spatial distribution of tree species in a tropical mountain forest. Erdkunde. 2015; 70 (1):19-47.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel Kübler; Patrick Hildebrandt; Sven Günter; Bernd Stimm; Michael Weber; Reinhard Mosandl; Johana Muñoz; Omar Cabrera; Jörg Zeilinger; Brenner Silva. 2015. "Assessing the importance of topographic variables for the spatial distribution of tree species in a tropical mountain forest." Erdkunde 70, no. 1: 19-47.