In the present study, chromatic coordinates, phenolic acids, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS) and lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity (LPIC) essays and their relative IC50 were investigated in 25 fig cultivars growing in Morocco. The aims of this study were to determine (i) the variation in these compounds among light and dark-colored cultivars, (ii) their partitioning between fruit peel and pulp and (iii) to display network connections among these variables. Twelve phenolic compounds (PCs) were isolated in peel extract versus eight in pulp samples. Anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the predominant compounds in peels, where the mean concentrations were 75.90 ± 18.76 and 77.97 ± 18.95 µg/g dw, respectively. On the other hand, (−)-epicatechin and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were the major compounds in the pulp extracts, where the mean values were 5.23 ± 4.03 and 9.01 ± 5.67 µg/g dw, respectively. A two-dimensional hierarchically clustered heatmap was applied to the dataset to explore correlations in the dataset and similarities between cultivars, without dimensionality reduction. Results showed that anthocyanins, particularly pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, were the main contributors to the peels’ free radical scavenging capacity. This capacity was particularly higher in the peel of dark-colored figs compared to the fruit pulp. The local cultivar “INRA 1301” showed the most promising phenolic profile due to its very high levels of almost all detected PCs, especially (−)-epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidine-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (54.66, 141.08, 35.48, 494.08, 478.66, 12.56 µg/g dw, respectively). Having the darkest figs in the collection (L* = 25.72, c* = 22.09 and h° = 20.99), this cultivar has also combined promising IC50 values, which were of 19.85, 40.58 and 124.78 µg/mL for DPPH, ABTS and LPIC essays, respectively.

In the present study, morphological traits, organic acids, sugars, total phenols, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total anthocyanidins, antioxidant activity and color parameters such as lightness(L*), Chroma (c*) and hue angle (h°) were investigated in 11 local and introduced fig cultivars cultivated in Moroccan climate. Since only limited information on that topic is available in the literature, this study was performed in order to compare local clones with some of introduced varieties based on their morphological and biochemical attributes. Results showed highly significant differences among genotypes. The cultivar ‘Kadota’ had the most promising morphological traits. Reducing sugars levels were slightly similar among all cultivars. Thus, glucose varied from 5.55 ± 0.27 to 29.94 ± 0.81 g.kg⁻¹ dw, while fructose amounts were in the range of 6.23 ± 0.28–28.15 ± 0.78 g.kg⁻¹ dw. ‘Palmera’ exhibited the highest level of Malic acid (4.99 ± 0.2 g.kg⁻¹). The latter was predominant in all cultivars. Total phenols, flavonoids and total anthocyanins were, generally, abundant in dark-colored cultivars, while total proanthocyanidins were dominant in light-colored ones. The local cultivars ‘Fassi’ and ‘Noukali’ contained the highest amounts of total phenols and total anthocyanins, respectively (524.74 ± 35.9mg GAE 100 g⁻¹ dw and 23.77 ± 6.41 cyanidin-3-rutinoside/100 gdw). Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) was, generally, higher in light-colored figs, while, ferric reducing ability (FRAP) was generally higher in dark skin-colored cultivars. The study confirmed the effectiveness of combining morphological and biochemical analyses in fig assessment and its use pre-breeding programs of the species in Morocco.

This work investigates the relationships between leaf traits and olive response to water stress through two complementary field experiments in order to screen genotypes for drought tolerance. The first experiment consisted of the phenotyping of 32 olive varieties for 11 leaf morpho-physiological traits during a fruit set phase under well-watered conditions. In the second experiment, the yield and vegetative responses of five representative varieties to the withholding of irrigation during the whole fruit growth period were assessed to identify leaf traits that are associated with olive resilience plasticity and that could be used as drought tolerance markers. The results highlighted large phenotypic variability for leaf area (LA, 2.9–9.5 cm²), petiole elasticity (8.0–36.0°), water loss in detached leaves (WLDL, 3.6–11.6%), stomatal density (222.6–470.1 no mm⁻²), stomatal length (11.4–18.7 µm), trichome density (120.5–204.4 no mm⁻²), trichome width (103.6–183.4 µm), leaf contents in cuticular wax (CWC, 44.7–606.2 µg cm⁻²), and soluble sugars (SSC, 15.8–536.9 mg g_dw⁻¹). Among these leaf traits, WLDL displayed a significant correlation with the yield stability index (r = −0.973) and water use efficiency (r = −0.939), suggesting its use as relevant drought tolerance phenotypic marker. Likewise, LA, SSC, and CWC were singled out as second-level drought tolerance markers, being strongly correlated with stability of leaf size and leafing intensity in response to water stress. Cluster analysis highlighted 12 distinct levels of drought tolerance within the studied olive collection. Based on the four identified phenotypic markers, “Lechin de Sevilla” alongside “Picholine Marocaine” were found to be the most drought-tolerant varieties, while Frantoio was the most sensitive. This study provides the first, unprecedented, insights into the usefulness of leaf phenotyping in olive drought tolerance screening, with a focus on structural and functional leaf traits.

This work investigated the effects of sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) on yield components and fruit physico-biochemical proprieties of two pomegranate cultivars, ‘Sefri’ and ‘Wonderful’ 21 trees each, in Sais plain (northern Morocco) over two consecutive seasons (2018–2019). Irrigation treatments consisted of a control, irrigation applied to fully satisfy crop evapotranspiration (100% ETC), and two SDI treatments: 70% ETC (SDI70) and 50% ETC (SDI50). The effects of the SDI treatments differed between cultivars and years. During the first year, yield and fruit weight were significantly reduced in ‘Sefri’ under SDI50. The same effect was also observed in the second year under SDI70. In ‘Wonderful’, a significant decrease in yield occurred in the second year under both SDI regimes. Fruit juice content was reduced in both cultivars, particularly under SDI50, with no significant effect on fruit aril content and aril weight. As for juice chemical properties, it was observed a decrease in total soluble solids, especially under SDI50. Furthermore, a significant decrease in juice soluble sugars content was observed in the first year for both cultivars. Total polyphenols content has significantly diminished in the second year in both cultivars. Likewise, total anthocyanins level displayed the same pattern, particularly in ‘Wonderful’. The findings suggest that SDI decreases yield and fruit quality even under moderate regime of 70% ETC. These negative effects may be dramatic depending on pomegranate genotypes, as observed in ‘Sefri’, compared to Wonderful variety. The great impact on species behavior toward water stress was particularly driven by the irrigation treatment, of which the interaction with the cultivar factor had the higher impact on the model. As many areas of how sustained deficit irrigation impacts pomegranate tree resilience are still needed to be investigated further, this study is a first attempt to explore water management in pomegranate in the Mediterranean semiarid lands.

This work investigates response to drought of nine local cultivars alongside two exotic varieties of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina L.) through their yield and fruit quality components. It was carried out at Sais plain, northern Morocco, over two consecutive years (2019–2020). Water stress was imposed by a deficit irrigation (DI) treatment of 50% ETc during the whole fruit growth period, compared to full irrigation of 100% ETc (CI). At their full ripening stage, the cultivars were assessed for their yield, fruit weight and fruit quality attributes, namely total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), soluble sugars content (SSC), amino acids content (AAC), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Results displayed significant decrease in yield and fruit weight since the first year of DI application. Owing to calculated stability indexes of the aforementioned traits along with water use efficiency, the local cultivar ‘Fortu-43’ was the most insensitive to drought, whereas ‘Timhdit’ and ‘Black-D35’ showed the lowest drought tolerability. The effects of water stress on fruit chemical and biochemical traits varied significantly among cultivars, exhibiting an overall significant improvement in fruit quality. Two-dimensional clustered heatmap analysis subdivided the cultivars into two distinct clusters, mainly discriminated based on stability indexes of SSC, MI, TPC and TAC. Among the latter, SSC stability index was probably the most significant drought tolerance marker for Japanese plum.