Advantages of vineyard cover crops include soil conservation, nutrient and water cycling, and a better growth–yield balance. They naturally promote agro-system biological multifunctionality, soil biocenosis, and biological pest control. However, for the role of cover crops on disease control, there is still a lack of information. We performed a systematic evaluation of the soil management effects on the development of two main pathogens: Plasmopara viticola and Erysiphe necator. Conventional soil tillage was compared to grass and legume cover crops during a three-season trial in the Nurra wine region (Sardinia, Italy). Disease and grapevine development were assessed in relation to the weather, leaf area growth, leaf nitrogen, canopy density, and favorable microclimatic conditions for each disease, to weight their importance on disease susceptibility in each treatment. Higher infection percentages were observed in plots subjected to soil tillage. Disease development was better understood in relation to leaf area, leaf nitrogen, and canopy density. The main role of weather conditions on downy mildew infections was ascertained, yet high canopy sunlight levels reduced disease spread under grass cover. For powdery mildew, leaf nitrogen had a crucial role in disease development under soil tillage, and canopy light and hygrothermal conditions had the most relevant function on disease development in cover-cropped vineyards.

Maximizing water use efficiency, yield, and plant survival under drought is a relevant research issue for almond-tree-growing areas worldwide. The intraspecific diversity of this species may constitute a valuable resource to address the resilience and productivity challenges that climate change poses to crop sustainability. A comparative evaluation of physiological and productive performance of four almond varieties: ‘Arrubia’, ‘Cossu’, ‘Texas’, and ‘Tuono’, field-grown in Sardinia, Italy, was performed. A great variability in the plasticity to cope with soil water scarcity and a diverse capacity to adapt to drought and heat stresses during fruit development were highlighted. The two Sardinian varieties, Arrubia and Cossu, showed differences in water stress tolerance, photosynthetic and photochemical activity, and crop yield. ‘Arrubia’ and ‘Texas’ showed greater physiological acclimation to water stress while maintaining higher yields, as compared to the self-fertile ‘Tuono’. The important role of crop load and specific anatomical traits affecting leaf hydraulic conductance and leaf gas exchanges efficiency (i.e., dominant shoot type, leaf size and roughness) was evidenced. The study highlights the importance of characterizing the relationships among almond cultivar traits that affect plant performance under drought in order to better assist planting choices and orchard irrigation management for given environmental contexts.

Background: Recent nutritional and medical studies have associated the regular consumption of almonds with a wide range of health benefits. As a consequence, kernel quality has become an important goal for breeding, considering not only the chemical composition conferring a specific organoleptic quality but also physical traits related to industrial processing. Methods: We characterized an almond collection from Sardinia through analysis of 13 morpho-physiological traits and eight essential oil profiles. The genetic structure of the collection was studied by analyzing the polymorphism of 11 simple sequence repeats (SSR). Results: Both commercial and phenotypic traits showed wide ranges of variation. Most genotypes were early flowering with low yield potential. Several genotypes showed moderate to high yield and very interesting oil compositions of kernels. Based on 11 SSR profiles and Bayesian clustering, the Sardinian cultivars were assigned to groups which were differentiated for several agronomic and commercial traits. Conclusions: Several cultivars showed a high kernel oil content and high oleic to linoleic content ratio. Based on morphological traits, we propose that some of the analyzed cultivars could be interesting for industrial applications. Finally, we highlight the importance of characterizing early blooming cultivars for sites which are experiencing a rise in mean temperatures due to the effects of global climate changes.

We propose an index for proximal detection of water requirements to optimize the use of water resources in arid and semi-arid wine growing regions. To test the accuracy and representativeness of the proposed irrigation need index (I_IN), plant water status and physiological performances were monitored during seasons 2019 and 2020 in two grapevine varieties with different anisohydric degree (Vermentino and Cannonau) grown in 3 sites in Sardinia (Italy). Daily leaf gas exchange curves and stem water potential were recorded. Canopy temperature was monitored, using both thermistor sensors (Tc) and infrared thermometry (IR). Meteorological data, including dry and wet bulb temperatures were collected to compute and parametrize I_IN, based on energy balance equation. Vineyard water balance, thermal time and irrigation water productivity were characterized. Linear regression analysis allowed to validate I_IN for both varieties and to establish target thresholds for mild, moderate and severe water deficit to optimize irrigation for high yield and quality objectives. I_IN well represents plant water status, using either Tc or IR, and allows rapid and easy detection of water and heat stress condition, even when a stricter stomatal control determines slighter variation and lower response of stem water potential, as in plants with low anisohydric degree.

In the present study, the influence of almond variety on color, chemical, physical and sensory characteristics of “amaretti” cookies during the shelf life, was assessed. Four varieties were chosen for the study, two of which were local (Cossu, Arrubia) and two widely cultivated (Tuono, Texas). Almonds have been characterized in the content of proteins, crude fat, amygdalin and fatty acids profile. The evolution of the characteristics during the shelf life hasbeen measured through image data modeling, texture, physical chemical and sensory analyses. Data were then treated with a multivariate approach performing a PCA. Image analysis and fitting on log normal and powerlaw functions highlighted the influence of the variety on the total area affected by surface breakages, and on the distribution of the cracking surfaces dimension classes. Texture parameters (crust hardness, thickness and work of deformation) were negatively correlated to moisture content. Sensory profile confirmed the differences in tactile features measured through instrumental texture, while slight to no differences were found in odor profile. Consumer test showed an higher acceptability for Arrubia, Texas and Tuono samples throughout the shelf life, while Cossu samples were less accepted. Overall, the choice of almond variety influences product features and liking of almond products, therefore it represents an important phase to direct the choice of both farmers and confectionery manufacturers.

The study of biodiversity is of fundamental importance in the context of environmental protection and eco-sustainable agriculture management. Its preservation has a key role and an extraordinary importance not only for the protection of potential gene pools, which is essential for selection and breeding programs, but also because local varieties are the expression of a territory and therefore reflect culture, knowledge, and tradition heritage. In this paper, 27 local cherry varieties collected in different areas of Sardinia were characterized and described from different perspectives, including pomology and genetics, using SSR markers. A complete framework on the biodiversity of cherry trees in Sardinia is presented, in order to support an objective assessment of different cultivar traits, namely those of agronomical interest, and to support the dissemination and conservation of the historical fruit tree cultivation heritage.