MANGROVE RESOURCE USES BY LOCAL COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA

As an archipelagic country amounted to 17,504 islands with about 95,181 km length of coastal line, Indonesia is endowed by about 3.2 million ha of mangrove forests from several meters to several kilometres in width, in which 70% of them have been destroyed. They are inhabited by about 202 species of plants (89 species of trees, 44 species of shrubs, 19 species of lianas, 5 species of palms, 44 species of epiphytes, 1 species of fern). For centuries, the Indonesian people have traditionally utilized mangrove plants to support their daily life. The main genera used are Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Avicennia, Nipa, and Sonneratia. Those various utilizations are as follows: (1) food and beverage (taffy, syrup, salad, "kecap", "peyek", chip, cake, tannin for cloth painting, sugar, jelly, "getuk", starch/powder); (2) wood-based products (charcoal, housing material, firewood); (3) fodder (leaf of Sonneratia spp., Avicennia spp., Rhizophora spp.); (4) medicine (Acanthus tea, tonic of Rhizophora young root decoction, poison from Excoecaria agallocha saps, resin of Avicennia spp. for anti-fertility). Meanwhile, almost all of them use mangrove land for fishpond (tambak) with various models (silvofishery, open fishpond, agrosilvofishery, agrosilvofisherypastoral). Through the model of agrosilvofisherypastoral system they get agricultural crops, fish, firewood, meat, all at once. However, almost all of products are used subsistently, except for firewood or charcoal. Those products are still not well marketed because several reasons, such as less promotion, has not yet been clinically-tested for human health, less government attention, unstable raw material supply, etc. Recently, many groups of local coastal communities manage mangrove forest for ecotourism. In the near future, mangrove plants can enrich food diversity to strengthen food security in Indonesia.

Mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem that plays important roles to climate change control, as carbon sink and CO₂ absorbing from the atmosphere. This research was aimed to estimate the potential of above-ground biomass and carbon stocks of Ciletuh mangrove forest, West Java, Indonesia. Mangrove forest area and occupation of dominant species were mapped using Geographical Information System, meanwhile species composition and forest structure was sampled using 198 plots (20 m × 20 m each) systematically spread out at studied forest area. Vegetation analysis data were used to estimate the potential of above-ground biomass and carbon stocks. Above-ground biomass and carbon stock of mangrove species was estimated using allometric models that already available. The results showed that mangrove forest in Ciletuh covered an area amounted to 8 ha. There were 18 tree mangrove species dominated by species of non-Rhizophoraceae belonging to 14 genera of 11 families. Above-ground biomass of Ciletuh mangrove forest was estimated at 31.78 t ha⁻¹, carbon stock at 14.93 t C ha⁻¹, and CO₂ absorption at 54.68 t ha⁻¹.

Considering the benefits of mangrove forest areas and their ability to support the success of sustainable development, this study aimed to determine the attitudes of stakeholders in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (DKI Jakarta) toward the existence of mangrove areas in the North Coast of Jakarta. Surveys and data collection were conducted through focus group discussions and interviews. The results showed that the key actors in the development of mangrove areas in DKI Jakarta are the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, the Department of Environmental Services of DKI Jakarta Province, the Government of DKI Jakarta Province, the Government of North Jakarta City, and the Regional House of Representatives of DKI Jakarta. In addition, other stakeholders, such as the developer, park bureau, regional development and ecotourism, were included as relay variables. In addition, the study identified the entrepreneurs, fishermen, farmers, and ponds as the dependent variables, while the industries, civil society, and warehousing as the independent variables. This study identified several options for the development of mangrove areas in DKI Jakarta, such as utilizing potential areas that have not been planted with mangroves for business area development, property development, national strategic project program, and mangrove plantation. The results of this study are expected to help policymakers develop policies for mangrove development in DKI Jakarta. Keywords: DKI Jakarta, MACTOR, mangrove forest, key actors

Ismail AY, Kusmana C, Sudiana E, Widodo P. 2019. Short Communication: Population and stand structure of Cinnamomum sintoc in the Low Land Forest of Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1042-1047. Cinnamomum sintoc (C. sintoc) is one of the anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory medicinal plants which produces essential oils from its roots, skin, and leaves. This study aimed to analyze the population and stand structure of C. sintoc in Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out using plots/ strips method. The plots were purposively placed and made at each altitude and direction of the slope. The research recorded 804 individual trees from each growth edge. Individual density between slope directions and altitudes was not significantly different for all diameter classes, but was significantly different between slope directions of stratum B (P = 0.001) and E (P = 0.012). These results indicate that sintoc population is spread evenly and can be cultivated at various slope and altitude directions and has no preference for the two topographic variables.

Nugraha LA, Kusmana C, Hartoyo APP. 2024. The growth performance of Kandelia candel hypocotyl cuttings seedlings for mangrove rehabilitation in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2683-2695. Kandelia candel (L.) Druce is one of the mangrove species threatened with extinction and continues to decline in number yearly in Indonesia. Effective and efficient propagation techniques are urgently needed to reduce the risk of extinction and accelerate the rehabilitation of this mangrove species. This study aimed to analyze the growth performance of K. candel hypocotyl cuttings and determine the best combination treatments. The type of this study was experimentally carried out in a greenhouse. The experimental design was a completely randomized three-factor factorial design with three factors and three replications for each factor: hypocotyl cuttings, planting media, and growth regulators. Based on the variance test resulted in the interaction between the hypocotyl cutting, planting media, and plant growth regulator had a significant effect on seedling height, number of leaves, total weight biomass, sturdiness quotient, and Dickson Quality Index at the 5% test level. The experiment was a success, with all combinations of treatments showing a survival rate of 100%. The best growth of hypocotyl cuttings was found by combining the bottom part of hypocotyl, mud + sand planting media, and a plant growth regulator of 15,000 ppm. The hypocotyl-cutting method can be an alternative method to provide quality seedlings for mangrove rehabilitation activities.