Fruit peels such as Banana, Orange, and Pineapple can be used to produce eco-enzymes producing diverse chemical compounds. Eco-enzymes are derived from the organic fermentation process of the specified ingredients. The objective of this study was to characterize the organic compounds present in Eco-enzymes derived from various raw materials. The research phase involved the extraction of eco-friendly Eco-enzymes from different raw materials and the identification of the chemical compounds in them. The results of this study are expected to contribute to organic waste management, highlighting the importance of utilizing waste as an economically and environmentally viable resource and strategic steps in a more sustainable waste management. Data analysis of the Eco-enzyme extraction results was carried out using high-liquid chromatography (HPLC) to ascertain the levels of organic chemical compounds produced. The findings revealed eight organic compounds categorized into organic acids (acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid) Acetic acid compound in pineapple fermentation 1.83 (g/L). Citric acid compound in banana peel fermentation 3.39 (g/L). Lactic acid compounds in orange fermentation 4.89 (g/L). The highest oxalic acid compound was identified in orange fermentation with a content of 0.1764 (g/L).

Ismail AY, Kusmana C, Sudiana E, Widodo P. 2019. Short Communication: Population and stand structure of Cinnamomum sintoc in the Low Land Forest of Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1042-1047. Cinnamomum sintoc (C. sintoc) is one of the anthelmintic and anti-inflammatory medicinal plants which produces essential oils from its roots, skin, and leaves. This study aimed to analyze the population and stand structure of C. sintoc in Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out using plots/ strips method. The plots were purposively placed and made at each altitude and direction of the slope. The research recorded 804 individual trees from each growth edge. Individual density between slope directions and altitudes was not significantly different for all diameter classes, but was significantly different between slope directions of stratum B (P = 0.001) and E (P = 0.012). These results indicate that sintoc population is spread evenly and can be cultivated at various slope and altitude directions and has no preference for the two topographic variables.

Mount Ciremai National Park forest that area had been encroached. Because of that condition, stand structure especially the species composition and vegetation structure need to be researched. The aim of this research was to identify plant species and analyze forest vegetation structure. This research was conducted between March–April 2018 in the 15.500 ha area with 0.02% sampling intensity. Data was collected using grid line method that consisted of 34 sample plots with the 10 m distance between the plots and 20 m between the lines. The numbers of identified plant species at the research location were 43 species, classified by 10 families and 24 genera. Cinnamomum sintoc has a high level of dominance species. The forest vegetation was consisting by the different growth phases. The tree phase has the highest density of 3672 species/ha, while the seedling phase was lowest density of 1060 species/ha. The forest crown stratification were consisting of A, B, C, D and E stratum. The highest number of plants were from C strata for 4651 trees and the least from A strata with 25 trees with the highest tree was 42 m. Could be concluded that the composition of Mount Ciremai National Park forest have so many number of species and complex structure vegetation forest.

Land degradation poses a global challenge to ecosystem sustainability and human well-being, driven primarily by deforestation, intensive agriculture, and mining. Rehabilitation efforts, particularly through Ficus species, offer effective solutions to restore soil fertility and ecosystem functions. This study analyzed soil fertility around Ficus trees in three land-use types in Kuningan Regency, Indonesia: sand mining areas, community gardens, and secondary forests. Soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were analyzed for physical and chemical parameters, including pH, organic C, total N, C/N ratio, P₂O₅, K₂O, cation exchange capacity, and texture. Results revealed variations in soil fertility across locations: low to medium in sand mining areas, low to high in community gardens, and low to high in secondary forests. Ficus species observed included Ficus benjamina and Ficus septica in sand mining areas; F. benjamina, F. septica, F. fistulosa, and F. variegata in community gardens; and F. benjamina, F. septica, F. variegata, and F. virens in secondary forests. Among these, Ficus benjamina and Ficus septica are recommended for land rehabilitation due to their adaptability and contributions to soil restoration.