The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped modern agriculture by enabling precision farming, real-time monitoring, and data-driven decision-making. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the PRISMA methodology, provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in smart sensing technologies for arable crops and grasslands. We analyzed the peer-reviewed literature published between 2020 and 2024, focusing on the adoption of IoT-based sensor networks and AI-driven analytics across various agricultural applications. The findings reveal a significant increase in research output, particularly in the use of optical, acoustic, electromagnetic, and soil sensors, alongside machine learning models such as SVMs, CNNs, and random forests for optimizing irrigation, fertilization, and pest management strategies. However, this review also identifies critical challenges, including high infrastructure costs, limited interoperability, connectivity constraints in rural areas, and ethical concerns regarding transparency and data privacy. To address these barriers, recent innovations have emphasized the potential of Edge AI for local inference, blockchain systems for decentralized data governance, and autonomous platforms for field-level automation. Moreover, policy interventions are needed to ensure fair data ownership, cybersecurity, and equitable access to smart farming tools, especially in developing regions. This review is the first to systematically examine AI-integrated sensing technologies with an exclusive focus on arable crops and grasslands, offering an in-depth synthesis of both technological progress and real-world implementation gaps.

This study aimed to determine the impact of tetrabutylphosphonium bromide [TBP][Br] on the soil environment through an experiment on loamy sand samples. The tested salt was added to soil samples at doses of 0 (control), 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM). During the experiment, the activity of selected enzymes involved in carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles, characteristics of organic matter with Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and toxicity of soil samples in relation to Aliivibrio fischeri were determined at weekly intervals. The results showed that low doses of [TBP][Br] (1 and 10 mg kg⁻¹ DM) did not have much influence on the analyzed parameters. However, the addition of higher doses of the salt into the soil samples (100 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ DM) resulted in a decrease in the activity of enzymes participating in the carbon and phosphorus cycle and affected the activation of those enzymes involved in the nitrogen cycle. This may be due to changes in aerobic conditions and in the qualitative and quantitative composition of soil microorganisms. It was also observed that the hydrophobicity of soil organic matter was increased. Moreover, the findings suggested that the soil samples containing the highest dose of [TBP][Br] (1000 mg kg⁻¹ DM) can be characterized as acute environmental hazard based on their toxicity to Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria. The increased hydrophobicity and ecotoxicity of the soil samples exposed to the tested salt were also positively correlated with the activity of dehydrogenases, proteases, and nitrate reductase. Observed changes may indicate a disturbance of the soil ecochemical state caused by the presence of [TBP][Br].

Due to the growing awareness of the importance of healthy eating in society, there is an increasing interest in the use of herbs and low-processed, natural products. Ginkgo biloba is a raw material with a high pro-health potential, which is related to the high content of antioxidant compounds. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba leaf infusions and the weighted amount of leaves and brewing time. In addition, a sensory analysis of the infusions obtained was carried out. The innovation is to determine the migration of micro- and macroelements to the infusion prepared from Ginkgo biloba depending on the leaves’ weight used and the brewing time. The research showed the dependence of the antioxidant activity of the infusions and the migration of microelements on the size of the dried material and the brewing time. In the publication, the main factors influencing the quality of infusions were analysed, their mutual correlations were determined, and combinations showing the highest antioxidant activity and, at the same time, the highest sensory acceptability were selected.

The aim of the present paper was to verify the hypothesis that a single application of specific dose of ash from biomass combustion and/or gypsum has a positive effect on physical properties of sandy soil and that the said effect disappears over the following years. The following were determined in the layer of 5–10 cm: penetration resistance (PR), vane shear resistance (Ss), gravimetric moisture content (ww), dry bulk density (BD), moisture content (WpF2) and air-filed porosity (PApF2) at water potential pF2. At pF2, susceptibility to soil compaction was analysed i.e., unit stress required to cause soil deformation of an assumed value of 1.0 mm (P1) or 2.0 mm (P2). Fertilisation with ash and/or gypsum at doses of 15 and 3 Mg∙ha−1 respectively, affects the physical properties of soil particularly in the first year following the application and that the said fertilisation is to be conducted every two years. It was found that fertilisation with ash has a particularly positive effect on ww. The loosening effect of fertilisation with ash, measured with BD, was poorly pronounced. A decrease in PR and Ss values was observed particularly in the first year. The analyses at water potential pF2 showed that fertilisation with ash or ash with the addition of gypsum has a positive effect on the properties under analysis. The effect of fertilisation with gypsum at a dose of 3 Mg∙ha−1 on the analysed properties was inconclusive.