Background: Hypertension is a major public health concern and a key risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), significantly contributing to cardiovascular mortality. Despite advancements in management and treatment, trends in associated mortality remain underexplored.Objective: This study examines U.S. national trends in hypertension‐ and AMI‐associated mortality from 2000 to 2023, focusing on demographics and regions.Methods: Age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 for adults aged ≥ 25 with hypertension and AMI were extracted from the CDC WONDER database. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average APCs (AAPCs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, stratified by year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, urbanization, and Census region.Results: From 2000 to 2023, 933,024 hypertension‐ and AMI‐related deaths were recorded. Overall, AAMR declined from 19.84 per 100,000 in 2000 to 16.26 in 2023 (AAPC: −0.93%, 95% CI: −1.18% to −0.76%). However, a sharp rise in mortality occurred between 2018 and 2021, coinciding with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Stratified analyses revealed persistently higher mortality rates among menmen, non‐Hispanic BlackBlack individuals, and residents of the Southern and rural U.S. regions. Younger adults showed an increasing AAMR trend, indicating a growing burden of hypertension and AMI‐associated disease.Conclusion: While long‐term mortality trends show a decline, recent years have seen a rise, particularly among high‐risk groups. Targeted public health interventions addressing hypertension management, cardiovascular risk reduction, and healthcare disparities are essential to mitigate the ongoing burden of hypertension and AMI mortality in the U.S.

Sex‐based differences in the efficacy of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) on cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular outcomes remain unclear. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated sex‐specific effects of GLP‐1RAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and related comorbidities. Randomised controlled trials and secondary analyses comparing GLP‐1RAs with placebo and reporting sex‐stratified data were included. Outcomes assessed included composite kidney outcomes, 3‐point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: cardiovascular death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, or non‐fatal stroke), individual components of MACE, and hospitalization for heart failure (HHF). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random‐effects models. Eleven trials comprising 85,273 patients (43, 339 receiving GLP‐1RAs; 41, 934 placebo) were analysed. GLP‐1RAs significantly reduced the risk of composite kidney outcomes by 20% in males (HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.69–0.92) and 31% in females (HR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.54–0.87), with no significant sex interaction ( p = 0.31). The risk of 3‐point MACE was reduced by 14% in males (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79–0.93) and 18% in females (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.75–0.90; p = 0.47). Stroke risk decreased by 21% in males and 25% in females. No significant sex‐based differences were observed for cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or HHF. GLP‐1RAs reduce the risk of major cardiovascular, kidney, and cerebrovascular outcomes in both sexes, with consistent benefits across men and women. While variations between sexes were observed in certain outcomes, these differences did not reach statistical significance for interaction. Future trials should improve female representation and explore sex‐specific effects further.

Stroke is a leading cause of mortality, and tobacco use is a significant modifiable risk factor. This study analyzed trends in tobacco-associated stroke mortality in the United States from 1999 through 2023 using CDC WONDER data. We included adults aged ≥ 25 years with cerebrovascular disease (ICD-10 I60-I69) as the underlying cause of death and tobacco-related disorders (ICD-10 F17.0-F17.9) as contributing causes. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population were calculated based on the 2000 U.S. standard population. Rates were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural status, geographic region, state, and ten-year age groups. Joinpoint regression was used to estimate annual and average annual percent changes (APC and AAPC) in mortality trends over time. A total of 157,916 tobacco-related stroke deaths occurred from 1999 to 2023. The AAMRs increased from 0.41 (95 % CI: 0.38-0.44) in 1999 to 3.80 (95 % CI: 3.73-3.87) in 2023 (average APC: 9.65 %, p < 0.0001). Males had higher AAMRs (3.52) than females (2.02), although females experienced a steeper increase from 1999 to 2005 (APC: 41.3 %, 95 % CI: 30.2-53.3). Non-Hispanic Blacks had the highest average AAMR (3.13), followed by Non-Hispanic Whites (2.83) and Hispanics (1.31). Rural areas (3.84) exceeded metropolitan regions (2.38). Regionally, the Midwest had the highest AAMR (3.57); state rates ranged from Oregon (8.0) to California (0.31). By age, the highest crude rates occurred in those aged 75 years and older, particularly in the 85+ group, which showed a sustained upward trend (APC: 4.29 %, 95 % CI: 3.47-5.11). Disparities in tobacco-associated stroke mortality are increasing across demographic and geographic subgroups, underscoring the need for targeted prevention strategies, equitable access to stroke care, and enhanced health literacy.

Aim: Cancer and diabetes are major public health concerns, with diabetes linked to increased cancer‐related mortality. However, national trends and disparities remain underexplored. Methods: Using CDC WONDER data, we analysed deaths where both diabetes and cancer were listed as causes. Age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated for diabetic cancer patients aged ≥ 25 years and stratified by demographics and geography. Joinpoint regression estimated annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs). Results: From 1999 to 2019, 699,007 cancer‐related deaths occurred among individuals with diabetes. The overall AAMR increased from 15.06 to 15.23 per 100,000 (AAPC: +0.07%; p = 0.20), with a rise from 1999 to 2003, a decline from 2003 to 2015, and a resurgence from 2015 to 2019. Men (AAMR: 20.83) had higher mortality than women (AAMR: 11.80). Non‐Hispanic Black individuals had the highest AAMRs (23.72), but NH American Indian/Alaska Natives had the largest increase (AAPC: 0.60). The Midwest (AAMR: 17.03) and rural areas (AAMR: 18.70) had the highest mortality, with rural rates rising significantly (AAPC: 0.92). Gastrointestinal cancers were the leading cause (AAMR: 4.31), followed by haematological (AAMR: 1.80), prostate (AAMR: 1.59), and breast cancer (AAMR: 1.38). Conclusion: Cancer‐related mortality in individuals with diabetes has increased, with notable disparities. Targeted interventions, screening, and better diabetes management are essential to reducing risks in high‐risk populations.

Aims: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of closed‐loop automated insulin delivery (AID) systems with the conventional insulin delivery arm in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of 10 randomised controlled trials ( n = 786; AID: 436, control: 350) was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Data from studies were pooled using a random‐effects model to derive weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: AID significantly increased time in normoglycemia (WMD: +22.14%; 95% CI: 17.05, 27.23; 319 min/day; P < 0.00001) and reduced hyperglycemia (WMD: −21.04%; 95% CI: −6.23, −15.84; −303 min/day; P < 0.00001), mean glucose (WMD: −1.54 mmol/L; 95% CI: −2.37, −0.70; P = 0.0003), and HbA1c (WMD: −0.80%; 95% CI: −1.48, −0.12; P < 0.00001). Glucose SD improved significantly (WMD: –0.46; 95% CI: −0.74, −0.18; P = 0.002). No significant differences were found in hypoglycemia (WMD: −0.11%; 95% CI: −0.32, 0.09; −1.6 min/day; P = 0.28), total daily insulin (WMD: +4.80 IU; 95% CI: −1.87, 11.47; P = 0.16), or CV (WMD: −0.52%; 95% CI: −2.08, 1.04; P = 0.52). Total adverse events were higher with AID (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.20, 2.17; P = 0.002), but serious adverse events (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 0.83, 3.13; P = 0.16) and severe hypoglycemia (OR: 2.13; 95% CI: 0.22,20.83; P = 0.52) were not significantly different. Conclusions: Closed‐loop AID significantly improves glycemic control in T2DM without increasing serious adverse events.

Background: Postoperative bleeding due to acquired coagulopathy is a common and serious complication following cardiac surgery. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) are the principal therapies used to correct coagulopathy in this setting. However, their comparative effectiveness and safety remain uncertain. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched through March 2025 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PCC and FFP in adult cardiac surgery patients with postoperative coagulopathy. All analyses were performed using Review Manager (Version 5.4; Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020). Results: Four RCTs including a total of 671 patients were eligible for inclusion. Compared to FFP, PCC was associated with significantly lower chest tube drainage volume (mean difference [MD], −162.14; 95% CI: −264.47 to −59.81 mL; P = 0.002; I ² = 49%), reduced RBC transfusion rate (risk ratio [RR], 0.77; 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.91; P = 0.002; I ² = 27%), and fewer mean RBC units administered (MD, −0.86 units; 95% CI: −1.23 to −0.49 units; P < 0.001; I ² = 0%). No significant differences were found between groups in the rates of reoperation for bleeding, thromboembolic events, stroke or transient ischemic attack, acute kidney injury, or mortality. Length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital were also comparable between groups. Conclusion: PCC demonstrates superior hemostatic efficacy compared to FFP in adult cardiac surgery patients, while maintaining a comparable safety profile. These findings support its use as a more effective and practical alternative for managing postoperative coagulopathy in this population.