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The energy storage capability of a suspension of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Material (NEPCM) nanoparticles was addressed in an enclosure during the charging and discharging process. The nanoparticles contain a Phase Change Material (PCM) core, which are capable to absorb a notable quantity of thermal energy on melting. There is a heat pipe in the cavity at the bottom corner, which is enhanced by a layer of metallic matrix. The natural convection flow occurs due to a temperature gradient during the charging or discharging process. The particles of NEPCM move with the natural convection flow and contribute to heat transfer & storage of thermal energy. The regulating equations for the heat transfer & flow of the NEPCM suspension were established & converted in the non-dimensional type. The finite element method (FEM) was utilized in resolving the equations. The results show that there was a rise in the rate of heat transfer & storage of total energy with a rise in nanoparticles volume fraction. The decrease of the Stefan number from 0.2 to 0.6 increases the total stored energy by 25%. The fusion temperature is another important parameter in which its behavior depends on the charging or discharging process.
Mehdi Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Kasra Ayoubi Ayoubloo; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohammad S. Islam; Obai Younis; Abdelraheem M. Aly. Thermal behavior and energy storage of a suspension of nano-encapsulated phase change materials in an enclosure. Advanced Powder Technology 2021, 32, 2004 -2019.
AMA StyleMehdi Ghalambaz, S.A.M. Mehryan, Kasra Ayoubi Ayoubloo, Ahmad Hajjar, Mohammad S. Islam, Obai Younis, Abdelraheem M. Aly. Thermal behavior and energy storage of a suspension of nano-encapsulated phase change materials in an enclosure. Advanced Powder Technology. 2021; 32 (6):2004-2019.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Kasra Ayoubi Ayoubloo; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohammad S. Islam; Obai Younis; Abdelraheem M. Aly. 2021. "Thermal behavior and energy storage of a suspension of nano-encapsulated phase change materials in an enclosure." Advanced Powder Technology 32, no. 6: 2004-2019.
The thermal performance and response time of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) units are mainly limited by the enclosure design and the low thermal conductivity of the storage medium. In the present study, the performance of petal-shape pipes in a shell and tube TES unit was numerically modeled and analyzed. The integration of the finite element method, a mesh adaptation approach, and an adaptive time-step scheme, was used to robustly simulate the phase change process and energy storage in the TES unit. The enclosure was considered fixed both dimensionally and by volume, which acts as a design constraint. The impacts of using two types of nano-additives, Cu and GO nanoparticles, and the geometrical aspects of the petal pipe on the thermal behavior of the TES unit were investigated. To find the optimal design of the TES unit with the maximum thermal energy power, the Taguchi optimization method was employed and a sensitivity analysis was performed. The copper nano-additives showed a better performance than the graphene oxide nano-additives. Although the surface area of the petal-pipe was fixed, its geometric shape was the most important parameter for maximizing the energy storage power of the TES unit. The optimum design could improve the amount of storage energy by 23.3% (Cu) and 22.5% (GO) NePCM compared to average designs. Based on an ANOVA analysis, the amplitude of petal shape could influence the total energy storage with a contribution ratio of about 41%, while the nanoparticles' contribution was 5–6%. An optimal design of a petal tube and Cu nanoparticles could improve the heat transfer by 45% compared to a circular tube with no nanoparticles.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Ali Veismoradi; Mahboobeh Mahdavi; Iman Zahmatkesh; Zahra Kazemi; Obai Younis; Mehdi Ghalambaz; Ali J. Chamkha. Melting process of the nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) in an optimized design of shell and tube thermal energy storage (TES): Taguchi optimization approach. Applied Thermal Engineering 2021, 193, 116945 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, S.A.M. Mehryan, Ali Veismoradi, Mahboobeh Mahdavi, Iman Zahmatkesh, Zahra Kazemi, Obai Younis, Mehdi Ghalambaz, Ali J. Chamkha. Melting process of the nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) in an optimized design of shell and tube thermal energy storage (TES): Taguchi optimization approach. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2021; 193 ():116945.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Ali Veismoradi; Mahboobeh Mahdavi; Iman Zahmatkesh; Zahra Kazemi; Obai Younis; Mehdi Ghalambaz; Ali J. Chamkha. 2021. "Melting process of the nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) in an optimized design of shell and tube thermal energy storage (TES): Taguchi optimization approach." Applied Thermal Engineering 193, no. : 116945.
This paper discusses the magneto-hydrodynamic natural convection in a cubical cavity equipped with a perforated separation. Several situations related to the number of perforations, magnitude of magnetic field, nanoparticles concentration and Rayleigh number are studied. During this study, the CNT–water filled cavity is differentially heated and a uniform external magnetic field is imposed. Computations are performed for Hartmann (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 105), (3 × 3 ≤ N ≤ 7 × 7) and (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.02). The results indicate that, the heat transfer is enhanced when the CNT volume fraction and Rayleigh number increase and decrease when the magnitude of the magnetic field increases. Moreover, the average Nusselt number has its highest values of the solid volume fraction and the number of perforations (ϕ = 0.02 and N = 7 × 7). Furthermore, it was seen that the number of perforations is more effective on heat transfer for higher Rayleigh number values.
Kaouther Ghachem; Ahmed Kadhim Hussein; Lioua Kolsi; Obai Younis. CNT–water nanofluid magneto-convective heat transfer in a cubical cavity equipped with perforated partition. The European Physical Journal Plus 2021, 136, 1 -22.
AMA StyleKaouther Ghachem, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein, Lioua Kolsi, Obai Younis. CNT–water nanofluid magneto-convective heat transfer in a cubical cavity equipped with perforated partition. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2021; 136 (4):1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaouther Ghachem; Ahmed Kadhim Hussein; Lioua Kolsi; Obai Younis. 2021. "CNT–water nanofluid magneto-convective heat transfer in a cubical cavity equipped with perforated partition." The European Physical Journal Plus 136, no. 4: 1-22.
Poor thermal conductivity of phase change materials is the principal burden against their widespread applications. As such, numerous single or hybrid techniques have been proposed to lower the thermal resistance of PCMs. In the present paper, a hybrid approach, including the dispersing of nano-sized particles and embedding in a porous medium, is employed to augment the rate of heat transfer and melting process of the resulting nano-enhanced PCM (NePCM). Aluminum foam has been used as the solid matrix, and phase change heat transfer of a NePCM comprising n-octadecane as the phase change substance and nano-sized particles of mesoporous silica (MPSiO2) is studied in the present paper. Previous experimental studies have shown that, although n-octadecane behaves as a Newtonian fluid, the mentioned NePCM behavior deviates from Newtonian fluids. Hence, in the present study, the thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors of the non-Newtonian suspension of the NePCM in porous media are investigated numerically. Governing equations, including mass and momentum conservation for the liquid NePCM and energy equation for both solid and liquid phases, are solved using the Galerkin Finite Element Method. The deformed mesh technique is employed to address the movement of the melting front. The finite element code has been validated against several experimental and numerical works and proved to be admissibly accurate. Results show that owing to the alteration of the rheological and thermophysical characteristics of the NePCM, increasing concentration of the nanoparticles reduces the average Nusselt number and the normalized melt volume fraction (NMVF). It is also found that porosity plays an important role in the phase change rate. While the steady-state condition is achieved faster in the case with the lowest porosity, the maximum NMVF is achieved in the case with the highest porosity after Fo=0.02.
S.A.M. Mehryan; Mohammad Ghalambaz; Mohammad Vaezi; Seyed Mohsen Hashem Zadeh; Nima Sedaghatizadeh; Obai Younis; Ali J. Chamkha; Hani Abulkhair. Non-Newtonian phase change study of nano-enhanced n-octadecane comprising mesoporous silica in a porous medium. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2021, 97, 463 -482.
AMA StyleS.A.M. Mehryan, Mohammad Ghalambaz, Mohammad Vaezi, Seyed Mohsen Hashem Zadeh, Nima Sedaghatizadeh, Obai Younis, Ali J. Chamkha, Hani Abulkhair. Non-Newtonian phase change study of nano-enhanced n-octadecane comprising mesoporous silica in a porous medium. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2021; 97 ():463-482.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS.A.M. Mehryan; Mohammad Ghalambaz; Mohammad Vaezi; Seyed Mohsen Hashem Zadeh; Nima Sedaghatizadeh; Obai Younis; Ali J. Chamkha; Hani Abulkhair. 2021. "Non-Newtonian phase change study of nano-enhanced n-octadecane comprising mesoporous silica in a porous medium." Applied Mathematical Modelling 97, no. : 463-482.
In the present study, the thermal energy storage of a hot petal tube inside a shell-tube type Thermal Energy Storage (TES) unit was addressed. The shell is filled with the capric acid Phase Change Material (PCM) and absorbs the heat from a hot U-tube petal. The governing equations for the natural convection flow of molten PCM and phase change heat transfer were introduced by using the enthalpy-porosity approach. An automatic adaptive mesh scheme was used to track the melting interface. The accuracy and convergence of numerical computations were also controlled by a free step Backward Differentiation Formula. The modeling results were compared with previous experimental data. It was found that the present adaptive mesh approach can adequately the melting heat transfer, and an excellent agreement was found with available literature. The effect of geometrical designs of the petal tube was investigated on the melting response of the thermal energy storage unit. The phase change behavior was analyzed by using temperature distribution contours. The results showed that petal tubes could notably increase the melting rate in the TES unit compared to a typical circular tube. Besides, the more the petal numbers, the better the heat transfer. Using a petal tube could increase the charging power by 44% compared to a circular tube. The placement angle of the tubes is another important design factor which should be selected carefully. For instance, vertical placement of tubes could improve the charging power by 300% compared to a case with the tubes’ horizontal placement.
S. A. M. Mehryan; Kaamran Raahemifar; Sayed Reza Ramezani; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari; Mohammad Ghalambaz. Melting phase change heat transfer in a quasi-petal tube thermal energy storage unit. PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0246972 .
AMA StyleS. A. M. Mehryan, Kaamran Raahemifar, Sayed Reza Ramezani, Ahmad Hajjar, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari, Mohammad Ghalambaz. Melting phase change heat transfer in a quasi-petal tube thermal energy storage unit. PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (3):e0246972.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. A. M. Mehryan; Kaamran Raahemifar; Sayed Reza Ramezani; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari; Mohammad Ghalambaz. 2021. "Melting phase change heat transfer in a quasi-petal tube thermal energy storage unit." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3: e0246972.
A twisted-fin array as an innovative structure for intensifying the charging response of a phase-change material (PCM) within a shell-and-tube storage system is introduced in this work. A three-dimensional model describing the thermal management with charging phase change process in PCM was developed and numerically analyzed by the enthalpy-porosity method using commercial CFD software. Efficacy of the proposed structure of fins for performing better heat communication between the active heating surface and the adjacent layers of PCM was verified via comparing with conventional longitudinal fins within the same design limitations of fin material and volume usage. Optimization of the fin geometric parameters including the pitch, number, thickness, and the height of the twisted fins for superior performance of the proposed fin structure, was also introduced via the Taguchi method. The results show that a faster charging rate, higher storage rate, and better uniformity in temperature distribution could be achieved in the PCMs with Twisted fins. Based on the design of twisted fins, it was found that the energy charging time could be reduced by up to 42%, and the energy storage rate could be enhanced up to 63% compared to the reference case of straight longitudinal fins within the same PCM mass limitations.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Hayder Mohammed; Jasim Mahdi; Amir Eisapour; Obai Younis; Aritra Ghosh; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. Intensifying the Charging Response of a Phase-Change Material with Twisted Fin Arrays in a Shell-And-Tube Storage System. Energies 2021, 14, 1619 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Hayder Mohammed, Jasim Mahdi, Amir Eisapour, Obai Younis, Aritra Ghosh, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, Wahiba Yaïci. Intensifying the Charging Response of a Phase-Change Material with Twisted Fin Arrays in a Shell-And-Tube Storage System. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Hayder Mohammed; Jasim Mahdi; Amir Eisapour; Obai Younis; Aritra Ghosh; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Intensifying the Charging Response of a Phase-Change Material with Twisted Fin Arrays in a Shell-And-Tube Storage System." Energies 14, no. 6: 1619.
A latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit can store a notable amount of heat in a compact volume. However, the charging time could be tediously long due to weak heat transfer. Thus, an improvement of heat transfer and a reduction in charging time is an essential task. The present research aims to improve the thermal charging of a conical shell-tube LHTES unit by optimizing the shell-shape and fin-inclination angle in the presence of nanoadditives. The governing equations for the natural convection heat transfer and phase change heat transfer are written as partial differential equations. The finite element method is applied to solve the equations numerically. The Taguchi optimization approach is then invoked to optimize the fin-inclination angle, shell aspect ratio, and the type and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The results showed that the shell-aspect ratio and fin inclination angle are the most important design parameters influencing the charging time. The charging time could be changed by 40% by variation of design parameters. Interestingly a conical shell with a small radius at the bottom and a large radius at the top (small aspect ratio) is the best shell design. However, a too-small aspect ratio could entrap the liquid-PCM between fins and increase the charging time. An optimum volume fraction of 4% is found for nanoparticle concentration.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Hassan Shirivand; Kasra Ayoubloo; S.A.M. Mehryan; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. The Thermal Charging Performance of Finned Conical Thermal Storage System Filled with Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material. Molecules 2021, 26, 1605 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Hassan Shirivand, Kasra Ayoubloo, S.A.M. Mehryan, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, Wahiba Yaïci. The Thermal Charging Performance of Finned Conical Thermal Storage System Filled with Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material. Molecules. 2021; 26 (6):1605.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Hassan Shirivand; Kasra Ayoubloo; S.A.M. Mehryan; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "The Thermal Charging Performance of Finned Conical Thermal Storage System Filled with Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material." Molecules 26, no. 6: 1605.
The melting of a coconut oil–CuO phase change material (PCM) embedded in an engineered nonuniform copper foam was theoretically analyzed to reduce the charging time of a thermal energy storage unit. A nonuniform metal foam could improve the effective thermal conductivity of a porous medium at regions with dominant conduction heat transfer by increasing local porosity. Moreover, the increase in porosity contributes to flow circulation in the natural convection-dominant regimes and adds a positive impact to the heat transfer rate, but it reduces the conduction heat transfer and overall heat transfer. The Taguchi optimization method was used to minimize the charging time of a shell-and-tube thermal energy storage (TES) unit by optimizing the porosity gradient, volume fractions of nanoparticles, average porosity, and porous pore sizes. The results showed that porosity is the most significant factor and lower porosity has a faster charging rate. A nonuniform porosity reduces the charging time of TES. The size of porous pores induces a negligible impact on the charging time. Lastly, the increase in volume fractions of nanoparticles reduces the charging time, but it has a minimal impact on the TES unit’s charging power.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Hassan Shirivand; Farshid Shalbafi; Obai Younis; Kiao Inthavong; Goodarz Ahmadi; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. Simulation of a Fast-Charging Porous Thermal Energy Storage System Saturated with a Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material. Energies 2021, 14, 1575 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, S.A.M. Mehryan, Hassan Shirivand, Farshid Shalbafi, Obai Younis, Kiao Inthavong, Goodarz Ahmadi, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. Simulation of a Fast-Charging Porous Thermal Energy Storage System Saturated with a Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material. Energies. 2021; 14 (6):1575.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Hassan Shirivand; Farshid Shalbafi; Obai Younis; Kiao Inthavong; Goodarz Ahmadi; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. 2021. "Simulation of a Fast-Charging Porous Thermal Energy Storage System Saturated with a Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material." Energies 14, no. 6: 1575.
The melting flow and heat transfer of copper-oxide coconut oil in thermal energy storage filled with a nonlinear copper metal foam are addressed. The porosity of the copper foam changes linearly from bottom to top. The phase change material (PCM) is filled into the metal foam pores, which form a composite PCM. The natural convection effect is also taken into account. The effect of average porosity; porosity distribution; pore size density; the inclination angle of enclosure; and nanoparticles’ concentration on the isotherms, melting maps, and the melting rate are investigated. The results show that the average porosity is the most important parameter on the melting behavior. The variation in porosity from 0.825 to 0.9 changes the melting time by about 116%. The natural convection flows are weak in the metal foam, and hence, the impact of each of the other parameters on the melting time is insignificant (less than 5%).
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Mohammad Shahabadi; S. Mehryan; Mikhail Sheremet; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wabiha Yaici. Latent Heat Thermal Storage of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material Filled by Copper Foam with Linear Porosity Variation in Vertical Direction. Energies 2021, 14, 1508 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Mohammad Shahabadi, S. Mehryan, Mikhail Sheremet, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, Wabiha Yaici. Latent Heat Thermal Storage of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material Filled by Copper Foam with Linear Porosity Variation in Vertical Direction. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1508.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Mohammad Shahabadi; S. Mehryan; Mikhail Sheremet; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wabiha Yaici. 2021. "Latent Heat Thermal Storage of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material Filled by Copper Foam with Linear Porosity Variation in Vertical Direction." Energies 14, no. 5: 1508.
A wavy shape was used to enhance the thermal heat transfer in a shell-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit. The thermal storage unit was filled with CuO–coconut oil nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM). The enthalpy-porosity approach was employed to model the phase change heat transfer in the presence of natural convection effects in the molten NePCM. The finite element method was applied to integrate the governing equations for fluid motion and phase change heat transfer. The impact of wave amplitude and wave number of the heated tube, as well as the volume concertation of nanoparticles on the full-charging time of the LHTES unit, was addressed. The Taguchi optimization method was used to find an optimum design of the LHTES unit. The results showed that an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles reduces the charging time. Moreover, the waviness of the tube resists the natural convection flow circulation in the phase change domain and could increase the charging time.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohammad Shdaifat; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. Thermal Charging Optimization of a Wavy-Shaped Nano-Enhanced Thermal Storage Unit. Molecules 2021, 26, 1496 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, S.A.M. Mehryan, Ahmad Hajjar, Mohammad Shdaifat, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, Wahiba Yaïci. Thermal Charging Optimization of a Wavy-Shaped Nano-Enhanced Thermal Storage Unit. Molecules. 2021; 26 (5):1496.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohammad Shdaifat; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Thermal Charging Optimization of a Wavy-Shaped Nano-Enhanced Thermal Storage Unit." Molecules 26, no. 5: 1496.
Thermal energy storage units conventionally have the drawback of slow charging response. Thus, heat transfer enhancement techniques are required to reduce charging time. Using nanoadditives is a promising approach to enhance the heat transfer and energy storage response time of materials that store heat by undergoing a reversible phase change, so-called phase change materials. In the present study, a combination of such materials enhanced with the addition of nanometer-scale graphene oxide particles (called nano-enhanced phase change materials) and a layer of a copper foam is proposed to improve the thermal performance of a shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit filled with capric acid. Both graphene oxide and copper nanoparticles were tested as the nanometer-scale additives. A geometrically nonuniform layer of copper foam was placed over the hot tube inside the unit. The metal foam layer can improve heat transfer with an increase of the composite thermal conductivity. However, it suppressed the natural convection flows and could reduce heat transfer in the molten regions. Thus, a metal foam layer with a nonuniform shape can maximize thermal conductivity in conduction-dominant regions and minimize its adverse impacts on natural convection flows. The heat transfer was modeled using partial differential equations for conservations of momentum and heat. The finite element method was used to solve the partial differential equations. A backward differential formula was used to control the accuracy and convergence of the solution automatically. Mesh adaptation was applied to increase the mesh resolution at the interface between phases and improve the quality and stability of the solution. The impact of the eccentricity and porosity of the metal foam layer and the volume fraction of nanoparticles on the energy storage and the thermal performance of the LHTES unit was addressed. The layer of the metal foam notably improves the response time of the LHTES unit, and a 10% eccentricity of the porous layer toward the bottom improved the response time of the LHTES unit by 50%. The presence of nanoadditives could reduce the response time (melting time) of the LHTES unit by 12%, and copper nanoparticles were slightly better than graphene oxide particles in terms of heat transfer enhancement. The design parameters of the eccentricity, porosity, and volume fraction of nanoparticles had minimal impact on the thermal energy storage capacity of the LHTES unit, while their impact on the melting time (response time) was significant. Thus, a combination of the enhancement method could practically reduce the thermal charging time of an LHTES unit without a significant increase in its size.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Kasra Ayoubloo; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohamad El Kadri; Obai Younis; Mohsen Pour; Christopher Hulme-Smith. Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Transfer of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NePCM) in a Shell and Tube Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Unit with a Partial Layer of Eccentric Copper Foam. Molecules 2021, 26, 1491 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Seyed Mehryan, Kasra Ayoubloo, Ahmad Hajjar, Mohamad El Kadri, Obai Younis, Mohsen Pour, Christopher Hulme-Smith. Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Transfer of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NePCM) in a Shell and Tube Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Unit with a Partial Layer of Eccentric Copper Foam. Molecules. 2021; 26 (5):1491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Kasra Ayoubloo; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohamad El Kadri; Obai Younis; Mohsen Pour; Christopher Hulme-Smith. 2021. "Thermal Energy Storage and Heat Transfer of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NePCM) in a Shell and Tube Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Unit with a Partial Layer of Eccentric Copper Foam." Molecules 26, no. 5: 1491.
The melting heat transfer of nano-enhanced phase change materials was addressed in a thermal energy storage unit. A heated U-shape tube was placed in a cylindrical shell. The cross-section of the tube is a petal-shape, which can have different amplitudes and wave numbers. The shell is filled with capric acid with a fusion temperature of 32 °C. The copper (Cu)/graphene oxide (GO) type nanoparticles were added to capric acid to improve its heat transfer properties. The enthalpy-porosity approach was used to model the phase change heat transfer in the presence of natural convection heat transfer effects. A novel mesh adaptation method was used to track the phase change melting front and produce high-quality mesh at the phase change region. The impacts of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the amplitude and number of petals, the distance between tubes, and the angle of tube placements were investigated on the thermal energy rate and melting-time in the thermal energy storage unit. An average charging power can be raised by up to 45% by using petal shape tubes compared to a plain tube. The nanoadditives could improve the heat transfer by 7% for Cu and 11% for GO nanoparticles compared to the pure phase change material.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Reza Feeoj; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2871 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Seyed Mehryan, Reza Feeoj, Ahmad Hajjar, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari, Wahiba Yaïci. Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2871.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Reza Feeoj; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Effect of the Quasi-Petal Heat Transfer Tube on the Melting Process of the Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Substance in a Thermal Energy Storage Unit." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2871.
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a key feature in the sizing of thermal systems and energy management. The Phase Change Material (PCM) can store a huge amount of heat in the form of latent heat. However, a good design of the TES unit is required to absorb thermal energy and charge quickly. In the present study, a combination of optimum fin design and nanoadditives are used to design a shell and tube shape TES unit. The Taguchi optimization method is employed to maximize the melting rate by optimizing the arrangement shape of fins and the type and the volume fractions of nanoparticles. The results showed that long fins should be mounted at the bottom and short fins at the top, so that the PCM melts down at the bottom quickly, and consequently, a natural convection circulation occurs at the bottom and advances in the solid PCM. The short fins at the top allow a good natural convection circulation at the top. An increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the melting rate. An optimum design shows a 20% more melting rate compared to a poor design.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Masoud Mozaffari; Obai Younis; Aritra Ghosh. The Effect of Variable-Length Fins and Different High Thermal Conductivity Nanoparticles in the Performance of the Energy Storage Unit Containing Bio-Based Phase Change Substance. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2884 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Seyed Mehryan, Masoud Mozaffari, Obai Younis, Aritra Ghosh. The Effect of Variable-Length Fins and Different High Thermal Conductivity Nanoparticles in the Performance of the Energy Storage Unit Containing Bio-Based Phase Change Substance. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2884.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Masoud Mozaffari; Obai Younis; Aritra Ghosh. 2021. "The Effect of Variable-Length Fins and Different High Thermal Conductivity Nanoparticles in the Performance of the Energy Storage Unit Containing Bio-Based Phase Change Substance." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2884.
Utilizing phase change materials in thermal energy storage systems is commonly considered as an alternative solution for the effective use of energy. This study presents numerical simulations of the charging process for a multitube latent heat thermal energy storage system. A thermal energy storage model, consisting of five tubes of heat transfer fluids, was investigated using Rubitherm phase change material (RT35) as the. The locations of the tubes were optimized by applying the Taguchi method. The thermal behavior of the unit was evaluated by considering the liquid fraction graphs, streamlines, and isotherm contours. The numerical model was first verified compared with existed experimental data from the literature. The outcomes revealed that based on the Taguchi method, the first row of the heat transfer fluid tubes should be located at the lowest possible area while the other tubes should be spread consistently in the enclosure. The charging rate changed by 76% when varying the locations of the tubes in the enclosure to the optimum point. The development of streamlines and free-convection flow circulation was found to impact the system design significantly. The Taguchi method could efficiently assign the optimum design of the system with few simulations. Accordingly, this approach gives the impression of the future design of energy storage systems.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Hayder Mohammed; Ali Naghizadeh; Mohammad Islam; Obai Younis; Jasim Mahdi; Ilia Chatroudi; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. Optimum Placement of Heating Tubes in a Multi-Tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Materials 2021, 14, 1232 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Hayder Mohammed, Ali Naghizadeh, Mohammad Islam, Obai Younis, Jasim Mahdi, Ilia Chatroudi, Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. Optimum Placement of Heating Tubes in a Multi-Tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage. Materials. 2021; 14 (5):1232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Hayder Mohammed; Ali Naghizadeh; Mohammad Islam; Obai Younis; Jasim Mahdi; Ilia Chatroudi; Pouyan Talebizadehsardari. 2021. "Optimum Placement of Heating Tubes in a Multi-Tube Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage." Materials 14, no. 5: 1232.
A conical shell-tube design with non-uniform fins was addressed for phase change latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES). The shell was filled with nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM). The cone aspect ratio of the shell and the fins aspect ratio were adopted as the geometrical design parameters. The type and volume fraction of the nanoparticles were other design parameters. The investigated nanoparticles were alumina, graphite oxide, silver, and copper. The finite element method was employed to solve the natural convection flow and phase change thermal energy equations in the LHTES unit. The Taguchi optimization method was utilized to maximize the melting rate in the unit. Two cases of ascending and descending conical shells were investigated. The outcomes showed that the shell-aspect ratio and fin aspect ratio were the most important design parameters, followed by the type and concentration of nanoparticles. Both ascending and descending designs could lead to the same melting rate at their optimum design. The optimum design of LHTES could improve the melting rate by up to 18.5%. The optimum design for ascending (descending) design was a plain tube (a cone aspect ratio of 1.17) filled by 4.5% alumina-Bio-PCM (1.5% copper-Bio-PCM).
Mohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Mahboobeh Mahdavi; Obai Younis; Mohammad Alim. Evaluation of the Melting Performance in a Conical Latent Heat Thermal Unit Having Variable Length Fins. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2667 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, S.A.M. Mehryan, Mahboobeh Mahdavi, Obai Younis, Mohammad Alim. Evaluation of the Melting Performance in a Conical Latent Heat Thermal Unit Having Variable Length Fins. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; S.A.M. Mehryan; Mahboobeh Mahdavi; Obai Younis; Mohammad Alim. 2021. "Evaluation of the Melting Performance in a Conical Latent Heat Thermal Unit Having Variable Length Fins." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2667.
This study aims to assess the effect of adding twisted fins in a triple-tube heat exchanger used for latent heat storage compared with using straight fins and no fins. In the proposed heat exchanger, phase change material (PCM) is placed between the middle annulus while hot water is passed in the inner tube and outer annulus in a counter-current direction, as a superior method to melt the PCM and store the thermal energy. The behavior of the system was assessed regarding the liquid fraction and temperature distributions as well as charging time and energy storage rate. The results indicate the advantages of adding twisted fins compared with those of using straight fins. The effect of several twisted fins was also studied to discover its effectiveness on the melting rate. The results demonstrate that deployment of four twisted fins reduced the melting time by 18% compared with using the same number of straight fins, and 25% compared with the no-fins case considering a similar PCM mass. Moreover, the melting time for the case of using four straight fins was 8.3% lower than that compared with the no-fins case. By raising the fins’ number from two to four and six, the heat storage rate rose 14.2% and 25.4%, respectively. This study presents the effects of novel configurations of fins in PCM-based thermal energy storage to deliver innovative products toward commercialization, which can be manufactured with additive manufacturing.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Jasim Mahdi; Amirhossein Shafaghat; Amir Eisapour; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari; Wahiba Yaïci. Effect of Twisted Fin Array in a Triple-Tube Latent Heat Storage System during the Charging Mode. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2685 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Jasim Mahdi, Amirhossein Shafaghat, Amir Eisapour, Obai Younis, Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari, Wahiba Yaïci. Effect of Twisted Fin Array in a Triple-Tube Latent Heat Storage System during the Charging Mode. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2685.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Jasim Mahdi; Amirhossein Shafaghat; Amir Eisapour; Obai Younis; Pouyan Talebizadeh Sardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Effect of Twisted Fin Array in a Triple-Tube Latent Heat Storage System during the Charging Mode." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2685.
A Nano-Encapsulated Phase-Change Material (NEPCM) suspension is made of nanoparticles containing a Phase Change Material in their core and dispersed in a fluid. These particles can contribute to thermal energy storage and heat transfer by their latent heat of phase change as moving with the host fluid. Thus, such novel nanoliquids are promising for applications in waste heat recovery and thermal energy storage systems. In the present research, the mixed convection of NEPCM suspensions was addressed in a wavy wall cavity containing a rotating solid cylinder. As the nanoparticles move with the liquid, they undergo a phase change and transfer the latent heat. The phase change of nanoparticles was considered as temperature-dependent heat capacity. The governing equations of mass, momentum, and energy conservation were presented as partial differential equations. Then, the governing equations were converted to a non-dimensional form to generalize the solution, and solved by the finite element method. The influence of control parameters such as volume concentration of nanoparticles, fusion temperature of nanoparticles, Stefan number, wall undulations number, and as well as the cylinder size, angular rotation, and thermal conductivities was addressed on the heat transfer in the enclosure. The wall undulation number induces a remarkable change in the Nusselt number. There are optimum fusion temperatures for nanoparticles, which could maximize the heat transfer rate. The increase of the latent heat of nanoparticles (a decline of Stefan number) boosts the heat transfer advantage of employing the phase change particles.
S. Mehryan; Kaamran Raahemifar; Leila Gargari; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohamad El Kadri; Obai Younis; Mohammad Ghalambaz. Latent Heat Phase Change Heat Transfer of a Nanoliquid with Nano–Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Wavy-Wall Enclosure with an Active Rotating Cylinder. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2590 .
AMA StyleS. Mehryan, Kaamran Raahemifar, Leila Gargari, Ahmad Hajjar, Mohamad El Kadri, Obai Younis, Mohammad Ghalambaz. Latent Heat Phase Change Heat Transfer of a Nanoliquid with Nano–Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Wavy-Wall Enclosure with an Active Rotating Cylinder. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Mehryan; Kaamran Raahemifar; Leila Gargari; Ahmad Hajjar; Mohamad El Kadri; Obai Younis; Mohammad Ghalambaz. 2021. "Latent Heat Phase Change Heat Transfer of a Nanoliquid with Nano–Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in a Wavy-Wall Enclosure with an Active Rotating Cylinder." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2590.
Energy storage systems based on phase change materials are very innovative and useful in different engineering applications. The present study deals with numerical simulation of energy transport performance in a shell and tube energy storage system, including the paraffin wax or copper foam insertion with paraffin wax. The mathematical description of the considered problem consists of the basic equations grounded on the conservation laws with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. These equations were solved by the finite element method. The developed code was verified using the mesh sensitivity analysis and numerical data of other authors. Effects of the porosity, Rayleigh number, melting temperature, heat pipes location on melting flow structures and energy transport, and Nusselt number and melting volume fraction were scrutinized for charging and discharging modes. It was found that in the case of porous metal foam, the phase change intensity increases for the mentioned two regimes in comparison with pure paraffin wax. The vertical placement of the heating tubes results in the best charging time.
Ali Veismoradi; Mohammad Ghalambaz; Hassan Shirivand; Ahmad Hajjar; Abdulmajeed Mohamad; Mikhail Sheremet; Ali Chamkha; Obai Younis. Study of paraffin-based composite-phase change materials for a shell and tube energy storage system: A mesh adaptation approach. Applied Thermal Engineering 2021, 190, 116793 .
AMA StyleAli Veismoradi, Mohammad Ghalambaz, Hassan Shirivand, Ahmad Hajjar, Abdulmajeed Mohamad, Mikhail Sheremet, Ali Chamkha, Obai Younis. Study of paraffin-based composite-phase change materials for a shell and tube energy storage system: A mesh adaptation approach. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2021; 190 ():116793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Veismoradi; Mohammad Ghalambaz; Hassan Shirivand; Ahmad Hajjar; Abdulmajeed Mohamad; Mikhail Sheremet; Ali Chamkha; Obai Younis. 2021. "Study of paraffin-based composite-phase change materials for a shell and tube energy storage system: A mesh adaptation approach." Applied Thermal Engineering 190, no. : 116793.
The melting process of a multi-tube’s thermal energy storage system in the existence of free convection effects is a non-linear and important problem. The placement of heated tubes could change the convective thermal circulation. In the present study, the impact of the position of seven heat exchanger tubes was systematically investigated. The energy charging process was numerically studied utilizing liquid fraction and stored energy with exhaustive temperature outlines. The tubes of heat transfer fluid were presumed in the unit with different locations. The unit’s heat transfer behavior was assessed by studying the liquid fraction graphs, streamlines, and isotherm contours. Each of the design factors was divided into four levels. To better investigate the design space for the accounted five variables and four levels, an L16 orthogonal table was considered. Changing the location of tubes could change the melting rate by 28%. The best melting rate was 94% after four hours of charging. It was found that the tubes with close distance could overheat each other and reduce the total heat transfer. The study of isotherms and streamlines showed the general circulation of natural convection flows at the final stage of melting was the most crucial factor in the melting of top regions of the unit and reduces the charging time. Thus, particular attention to the tubes’ placement should be made so that the phase change material could be quickly melted at both ends of a unit.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Amir Eisapour; Hayder Mohammed; Mohammad Islam; Obai Younis; Pouyan Sardari; Wahiba Yaïci. Impact of Tube Bundle Placement on the Thermal Charging of a Latent Heat Storage Unit. Energies 2021, 14, 1289 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Amir Eisapour, Hayder Mohammed, Mohammad Islam, Obai Younis, Pouyan Sardari, Wahiba Yaïci. Impact of Tube Bundle Placement on the Thermal Charging of a Latent Heat Storage Unit. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1289.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Amir Eisapour; Hayder Mohammed; Mohammad Islam; Obai Younis; Pouyan Sardari; Wahiba Yaïci. 2021. "Impact of Tube Bundle Placement on the Thermal Charging of a Latent Heat Storage Unit." Energies 14, no. 5: 1289.
Thermal energy storage is a technique that has the potential to contribute to future energy grids to reduce fluctuations in supply from renewable energy sources. The principle of energy storage is to drive an endothermic phase change when excess energy is available and to allow the phase change to reverse and release heat when energy demand exceeds supply. Unwanted charge leakage and low heat transfer rates can limit the effectiveness of the units, but both of these problems can be mitigated by incorporating a metal foam into the design of the storage unit. This study demonstrates the benefits of adding copper foam into a thermal energy storage unit based on capric acid enhanced by copper nanoparticles. The volume fraction of nanoparticles and the location and porosity of the foam were optimized using the Taguchi approach to minimize the charge leakage expected from simulations. Placing the foam layer at the bottom of the unit with the maximum possible height and minimum porosity led to the lowest charge time. The optimum concentration of nanoparticles was found to be 4 vol.%, while the maximu possible concentration was 6 vol.%. The use of an optimized design of the enclosure and the optimum fraction of nanoparticles led to a predicted charging time for the unit that was approximately 58% shorter than that of the worst design. A sensitivity analysis shows that the height of the foam layer and its porosity are the dominant variables, and the location of the porous layer and volume fraction of nanoparticles are of secondary importance. Therefore, a well-designed location and size of a metal foam layer could be used to improve the charging speed of thermal energy storage units significantly. In such designs, the porosity and the placement-location of the foam should be considered more strongly than other factors.
Mohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Mikhail Sheremet; Mohsen Pour; Christopher Hulme-Smith. Phase-Transition Thermal Charging of a Channel-Shape Thermal Energy Storage Unit: Taguchi Optimization Approach and Copper Foam Inserts. Molecules 2021, 26, 1235 .
AMA StyleMohammad Ghalambaz, Seyed Mehryan, Ahmad Hajjar, Obai Younis, Mikhail Sheremet, Mohsen Pour, Christopher Hulme-Smith. Phase-Transition Thermal Charging of a Channel-Shape Thermal Energy Storage Unit: Taguchi Optimization Approach and Copper Foam Inserts. Molecules. 2021; 26 (5):1235.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Ghalambaz; Seyed Mehryan; Ahmad Hajjar; Obai Younis; Mikhail Sheremet; Mohsen Pour; Christopher Hulme-Smith. 2021. "Phase-Transition Thermal Charging of a Channel-Shape Thermal Energy Storage Unit: Taguchi Optimization Approach and Copper Foam Inserts." Molecules 26, no. 5: 1235.