The composite gelling system of chlorine and magnesium thioxide was prepared by mixing different mass fractions of magnesium sulfate solution into MOC. Detailed studies regarding the influences of magnesium sulfate replacing magnesium chloride on the setting time, compressive strength, and water resistance of magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC) have been carried out in this paper. The phase composition and micro morphology of the hydration products in the mixed system were analyzed by XRD and SEM. The results show that the addition of magnesium sulfate prolongs the setting time and reduces the compressive strength of the mixed MOC. Compared with the primordial MOC system, the water resistance of the mixed system improved, with the mixed system exhibiting optimal water resistance when the mass fraction of magnesium sulfate was 30%. The phases of the mixed system were composed of 5Mg(OH)₂·MgCl₂·8H₂O and 5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·7H₂O phases. The microscopic morphology shows that the interior of air-cured MOC was composed of a large number of needle-like crystals, and continuous crystal structures have close contact and a strong bonding force. Cracks and pores appear on the surface after submerging in water, and the crystallization state of the internal crystals becomes worse. The compressive strength and water stability of MOC were closely related to the crystal morphology.

Efficient resource utilization of shield muck is critical for urban metro construction. This study investigates temperature–humidity coupling effects on the mechanical properties of carbonated alkali-activated slag-solidified shield muck through multi-scale analyses of compressive strength, pore structure, alkalinity, and microproperties. The results show that carbonation product filling in >1000 nm pores governs 28-day strength enhancement. Humidity regulates reactions via dual pathways. High humidity inhibits CO₂ diffusion, causing under-carbonation, and low humidity will lead to excessive carbonization under expansion stress, both increasing harmful porosity. Concurrently, low humidity depletes alkalinity, inhibiting C-A-S-H gel formation, whereas high humidity dilutes pore liquid alkalinity. Temperature modulates alkalinity through CO₂ diffusion, Ca²⁺ leaching, and evaporation—low temperatures preserve alkalinity, while high temperatures intensify surface carbonation and internal alkalinity loss. Synergistic temperature–humidity interactions drive calcite and C-A-S-H gel co-generation via CO₂ transport control, Ca²⁺ leaching optimization, and pore water-phase regulation, ultimately determining mechanical performance evolution.