Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment; however, the availability of cost-effective blood-based biomarkers for prognostic and predictive factors of immune treatment in patients with solid tumors remains limited. Due to low cost and easy accessibility, blood-based biomarkers should constitute an essential component of studies to optimize and monitor immunotherapy. Currently available markers that can be measured in peripheral blood include total monocyte count, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), relative eosinophil count, cytokine levels (such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble forms of CTLA-4 and PD-1 or PD-L1, as well as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). In our mini-review, we discuss the latest evidence indicating that routinely accessible peripheral blood parameters—such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and rheological parameters, which so far have been rarely considered for such an application, may be used as non-invasive biomarkers in cancer immunotherapy. Rheological parameters such as whole blood viscosity are influenced by several factors, such as hematocrit, aggregability and deformability of erythrocytes, and plasma viscosity, which is largely dependent on plasma proteins. Especially in cases where the set of symptoms indicates a high probability of hyperviscosity syndrome, blood rheological tests can lead to early diagnosis and treatment. Both biochemical and rheological parameters are prone to become novel and future standards for assessing immunotherapy among patients with solid tumors.

Introduction Magnesium is a crucial macroelement with widespread effects on the nervous and muscular systems.. Due to its role as an NMDA receptor antagonist, magnesium has garnered significant attention in pain management research, particularly for its potential to modulate both acute and chronic pain. This article provides an overview of magnesium's therapeutic applications in neuropathic pain, migraine, and perioperative pain, drawing on research from PubMed and Google Scholar published between 1988 and 2025. Aim of study This review aims to present the state of knowledge about magnesium’s possible role in pain control and present mechanism of its influence on the nociceptive stimuli reception. Materials and methods Publication research was made using databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords used in research were among others: magnesium, pain, neuropathic pain, migraine, perioperative pain, magnesium deficiency. Current state of knowledge Magnesium plays a crucial role in the management of various pain conditions, including perioperative, neuropathic, and migraine pain, through its multifactorial mechanisms. These include NMDA receptor antagonism, calcium channel blockade, anti-inflammatory effects, and muscle relaxation, all of which contribute to its analgesic properties. Evidence suggests that magnesium supplementation can reduce opioid use, counteract central and peripheral sensitization, and potentially prevent migraine attacks, highlighting its potential as an effective adjuvant in pain management strategies. Summary (Conclusions): Magnesium offers significant therapeutic potential in managing perioperative, neuropathic, and migraine pain through mechanisms such as NMDA receptor antagonism, calcium channel blockade, and neuroinflammation modulation. Its use can reduce opioid consumption, enhance pain relief, and improve outcomes, highlighting the need for further research into its clinical applications in pain management.

Introduction Electronic cigarettes have gained widespread popularity by being marketed as a safer alternative to traditional smoking. Possibility of inhaling vapor created by heating nicotine liquid instead of combusting tobacco leaves revolutionized tobacco market, bringing a lot of questions about harmfulness or advantages of e-cigarettes. Their popularity is increasing and many aspects about their influence on health are still unclear. At the same time, better social acceptance than tobacco cigarettes brings out questions if they are a step to smoking cessation or if they encourage more people to start using nicotine. Aim of the review This systematic review provide an analysis of the existing literature on the influence of e-cigarettes on the human body with their economic and behavioral aspects. By examining a wide range of studies, we aim to elucidate the potential risks and benefits associated with e-cigarette use and provide a comparison of both electronic and conventional forms of nicotine consumption. Methods A systematic search was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords included "e-cigarettes", "vaping", "health effects", "conventional cigarettes", "tobacco", "respiratory system", "cardiovascular system", "immune system", "oral health", and "cellular effects". The search was limited to studies published up to December 2023. Both observational and experimental studies were included. Conclusion While e-cigarettes are often promoted as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes, the evidence suggests that they are not without significant health risks. It is important to remember that they are a new form of substance use, and many aspects related to them are still unknown. E-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes present distinct usage patterns and cost profiles. Years of research on larger sample sizes are needed to determine their impact on humans.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are rare endocrine tumors originating from pancreatic cells, constituting 1-2% of pancreatic tumors. The incidence of PNETs has risen from 0.32 to 0.48 per 100,000 people between 2004 and 2021. Among PNETs, insulinomas are the most common type, characterized by excessive insulin production, with an occurrence rate of 1-4 per million people. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of insulinomas, focusing on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. Insulinomas can be sporadic or associated with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN-1) syndrome, a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene. MEN-1-associated insulinomas are often diagnosed earlier and may present as multicentric lesions, whereas sporadic insulinomas are typically solitary and benign. Diagnostic approaches include biochemical tests, such as the 72-hour fasting test, and imaging techniques like CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans for tumor localization. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment modality, with high success rates for benign tumors, although emerging techniques like endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) offer promising alternatives for small, solitary tumors. Medical management, including medications like diazoxide and somatostatin analogs, is crucial for controlling symptoms in patients not amenable to surgery. Prognosis is generally favorable with surgical intervention, but careful monitoring is required for malignant or metastatic disease. Ongoing research is essential to enhance treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Infertility gained increasing importance throughout our life period in this fast pacing world as increasingly more couples struggle to conceive. Taking into account the cost of fertility treatment there is a good strategy to look into less high-priced options on increasing conception possibilities. In this article we are going to focus on one of them which is sleep. Sleeping hygiene is neglected by many of us as only 8% of polish population rate their sleeping as satisfactory. There are primary matters for instance regular sleep hours, sustaining a healthy diet to make a tremendous change in our mental and as well reproductive health. In the male population deprived sleep is blamed for lower sperm motility, as well as concentration, total count. There is a probability that Leydig cells function and count, cortisol secretion and testosterone levels can be affected but for now we have to conduct more research to rule it out or confirm. For women on the other hand sleep depravation produces a huge hormonal dysregulation. Temporarily the impact of sleep depravation is being inconsistent about estradiol, prolactin and melatonin. This article presents a meticulously collected date which shows the connection between sleep and punctuate need for further research.

Introduction:Pancreatic cancer remains one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies, characterized by late diagnosis, limited treatment options, and a poor overall prognosis. Advances in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this disease have opened pathways for innovative therapeutic approaches. Purpose:This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of pancreatic cancer, focusing on its pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and emerging therapeutic strategies, including targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and novel drug delivery systems. Material and methods: The literature review was performed by searching the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords "pancreatic cancer," "immunotherapy," "chemotherapy," and "diagnosis." Only articles published from 2012 onward were included in the analysis. Results:The review highlights significant progress in identifying genetic mutations, such as KRAS, TP53, and SMAD4, which drive pancreatic tumorigenesis. Diagnostic advancements, including liquid biopsies and molecular imaging, offer potential for earlier detection. Therapeutic innovations discussed include precision medicine approaches, such as inhibitors targeting KRAS mutations, immune checkpoint blockade therapies, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Early clinical trials show promise in improving response rates and survival outcomes, but challenges in resistance mechanisms and delivery efficiency persist. Conclusion:While pancreatic cancer remains a formidable challenge, recent advancements provide hope for improved management and outcomes. Continued multidisciplinary research and clinical trials are essential to translate these findings into effective standard-of-care treatments. This review underscores the importance of integrating novel therapies with conventional approaches to optimize patient outcomes.