Objective: This study used a long-term trend analysis to investigate whether gender differences were related to the risk of injury and epidemiological characteristics in Taiwan from 1998 to 2015. Materials and methods: Data on 4,647,259 hospitalized patients that were injured from 1 January 1998, to 31 December 2015 were collected from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Among the injured patients, 2,721,612 males and 1,925,446 females were identified. Patients were age-, gender-, and index date-matched. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the risks of injury via gender differences. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The injury risk of the male patients was 1.4 times higher than that of female patients (AOR = 1.427, 95% CI = 1.40–1.44). The rising trend of male injured hospitalized patients was also greater than that of female injured hospitalized patients. Conclusion: Males were more at risk of injury than females. Gender differences were related to the increased risk of epidemiological characteristics of injury.

With the growing intensity of global cybersecurity threats and the rapid advancement of attack techniques, strengthening enterprise information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructures and enhancing digital forensics have become critical imperatives. Cloud environments, in particular, present substantial challenges due to the limited availability of effective forensic tools and the pressing demand for impartial and legally admissible digital evidence. To address these challenges, we propose a proactive digital forensics mechanism (P-DFM) designed for emergency incident management in enterprise settings. This mechanism integrates a range of forensic tools to identify and preserve critical digital evidence. It also incorporates the MITRE ATT&CK framework with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) and Managed Detection and Response (MDR) systems to enable comprehensive and timely threat detection and analysis. The principal contribution of this study is the formulation of a novel Proactive Digital Evidence Forensics Standard Operating Procedure (P-DEFSOP), which enhances the accuracy and efficiency of security threat detection and forensic analysis while ensuring that digital evidence remains legally admissible. This advancement significantly reinforces the cybersecurity posture of enterprise networks. Our approach is systematically grounded in the Digital Evidence Forensics Standard Operating Procedure (DEFSOP) framework and complies with internationally recognized digital forensic standards, including ISO/IEC 27035 and ISO/IEC 27037, to ensure the integrity, reliability, validity, and legal admissibility of digital evidence throughout the forensic process. Given the complexity of cloud computing infrastructures—such as Chunghwa Telecom HiCloud, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, and Microsoft Azure—we underscore the critical importance of impartial and standardized digital forensic services in cloud-based environments.

Objective: To investigate the association between various injuries and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and distinguish ADHD from non-ADHD with regards to risk of various injuries among children in Taiwan. Method: Using the data from the National Health Insurance Research Database, we selected a total of 1802 subjects under the age of 18 who were diagnosed with ADHD as well as an additional 7208 subjects as a comparison group. Results: Compared with children who were not diagnosed with ADHD, children diagnosed with ADHD were more likely to intentionally injure themselves. During the school year, ADHD children were injured less frequently than were non-ADHD children on traffic-related incidents. The adjusted hazard ratio of injury for the ADHD children was 2.493 times higher than that of comparison subjects. The ADHD children had a greater length of stay and medical cost when compared to those of the non-ADHD children. Age showed a significant inverse relationship with injury. Among the ADHD children, the injury rate was evidently higher for the low-income group than for the non-low-income group. Conclusions: Age, cause of injuries, low-income household status, and school season all have a significant connection to the risk of injury for ADHD children.