This study presents a multi-band conformal antenna based endoscopic system for robust biotelemetry communications, which covers five important bands, including the MedRadio (401–406 MHz), Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) (433.1–434.8 MHz, 868–868.6 MHz, 902–928 MHz), and midfield (1200 MHz) bands. These bands are intended for functions such as biotelemetry, power saving, and wireless power transfer (WPT). The proposed antenna is printed on a flexible material Rogers ULTRALAM with a thickness of only 0.1 mm, which can be easily wrapped around the inner wall of a capsule. Owing to the insertion of the via and open-ended meandered slots in the radiator and in the ground plane, the footprints of the suggested antenna reduce considerably. In the flat form, the antenna is 57 mm3 in volume, whereas in the wrapped form, it is only 48.98 mm3 in volume. In a homogeneous muscle phantom, the proposed conformal antenna shows a 27.46% wider bandwidth at 402 MHz, whereas it shows a 13.2% and 5.42% bandwidth at 915 MHz and 1200 MHz, respectively. Furthermore, the specific absorption rate investigation at three resonance frequencies in various implanted locations shows compliance with the IEEE guidelines, thereby guaranteeing human safety. For measurements, a 3D capsule with batteries and circuitry is devised using a 3D printer, and the simulation results are experimentally validated in a box containing minced pork. Finally, the robustness of the communication link is confirmed through the link budget analysis at 1 Mb/s. The conformal design concept, omni-directional radiations, and multi-band functionality with a wider bandwidth in the MedRadio band of the suggested antenna will enhance the diversity of the capsule endoscope and be a good addition to the field of biotelemetry.

In this study, an ultra–miniaturized implantable antenna based system with ultra-wideband characteristics in the industrial, scientific, and medical band (i.e., 2.4–2.48 GHz) is proposed for biomedical applications. A biocompatible and flexible liquid crystalline polymer material, Rogers ULTRALAM (tan $\delta =0.0025$ and $\varepsilon _{r} =2.9$ ), is employed as both the substrate and superstrate. The proposed antenna with a compact size ( $7\times 7\times0.2$ mm ³ ) and a wide bandwidth (1533 MHz), was primarily designed for overcoming the detuning challenges that may occur owing to the electronic circuitry and irregularity as well as inhomogeneity of the human tissue environment. The miniaturization of this antenna was achieved by introducing a shorting pin and open-ended cuts in the ground plane, as well as in the radiating patch. The proposed antenna also yielded a higher gain and lower specific absorption rate (SAR). Through the link budget analysis, it was observed that 1 Mbps of data could be easily transmitted over a distance of 15 m. The simulated and in vitro measured results confirmed that compared to the recently reported antenna systems, our proposed ultra-wideband antenna based system could work more efficiently in the complex environment of the human body, thus establishing itself as an attractive candidate for biomedical applications.

A small antenna system plays a vital role in wireless communication and monitoring of key-signs through information collected by implantable devices. Therefore, this study presents an ultra-miniaturized antenna for deeply medical implants, operating at 2.45 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. To achieve a miniaturized geometry, slotted ground plane and patch, a thin substrate, and a superstrate are used. A liquid crystalline polymer material (Rogers ULTRALAM; tan $\delta =0.0025$ and $\epsilon _{r} =2.9$ ) is used as the substrate and superstrate. The proposed antenna has a surface area of 6 $\times $ 6.5 mm ² and a thickness of 0.2 mm. A realistic device-like environment and analysis in different implantation (homogeneous and heterogeneous + in different organs) sites are used to check and extend the applicability in realistic multiple implanted applications. To ensure the reliability of the communication, link budget is analyzed, which shows that the antenna can successfully communicates up to twenty meters. The proposed antenna has an impedance (10-dB) bandwidth of 480 MHz and peak realized gain of −16.5 dBi in homogeneous phantom. Further, to check the compliance with IEEE C905.1-2005 safety limits, the specific absorption rate is analyzed and found 185.56, 170.24, 134.5, and 124.2 W/kg., which limits with the radiated powers of the antenna to 9.21, 8.56, 10.54, and 12.48 mW in small intestine, large intestine, stomach, and heart, respectively. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and performed in-vitro measurements by placing the integrated antenna inside minced pork. The measured results confirm the trends of the simulated results. The proposed antenna exhibits quasi-omnidirectional radiation patterns in both planes. The analysis confirm that the proposed antenna is suitable for deeply implanted biomedical devices such as leadless pacemakers and wireless capsule endoscopes.

A novel, cedar-shaped, coplanar waveguide-fed frequency reconfigurable antenna is proposed. The presented antenna uses low-cost FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. Four PIN diodes are inserted on the antenna surface to variate the current distribution and alter the resonant frequencies with different combinations of switches. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured for all states, and a good agreement is seen between measured and simulated results. This antenna resonates within the range of 2 GHz to 10 GHz, covering the major wireless applications of aviation service, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), long distance radio telecommunications, and X-band satellite communication. The proposed antenna works resourcefully with reasonable gain, significant bandwidth, directivity, and reflection coefficient. The proposed multiband reconfigurable antenna will pave the way for future wireless communications including WLAN, WiMAX, and possibly fifth-generation (5G) communication.

With recent advancements of technologies such as Internet of Things and cloud computing, security of information systems has emerged as a critical issue. This has created a need for elicitation and analysis of the security requirements at an early stage of system development. These requirements should also be expressed using visual notations that can encapsulate the vision of different stakeholders related to security. While business process management notation (version 2.0.2) is a widely used graphical representation for business requirements and makes it easier to define and communicate business processes between different stakeholders of the system. Moreover, extension mechanisms are available to model the specific needs of an organization. Due to its flexible structure for defining new extensions, it can be adapted to model security requirements in the information system (IS). Towards this, we propose a threat profile security framework to define the security requirements of manufacturing systems for businesses, which are at a stage of infancy to adapt or evolve the IS with the changing needs of a business environment. In particular, the framework is modeled by extending Business Process Management Notation and is applied in a manufacturing industry process at the shop floor level. We show through a case study example that the threat goal-based framework is broader and, hence, covers a majority of security concerns of organizations.