In this research, the production of carbon fiber composite (CFC) with epoxy resin was carried out for biomedical application. The surface of the carbon fibers was previously oxidized with concentrated nitric acid at a temperature of 100 °C for 30–120 min to create a rough surface impression on the carbon fibers to enhance interfacial bonding in the composite, increase surface area, and reduce surface tension. The carbon fiber/epoxy composite was fabricated using the vacuum assisted resin infusion method. Characterization of the oxidized carbon fibers and the composite products was performed using a digital microscope, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. FTIR analysis results indicated that the carbon fiber oxidation process introduced new chemical functional groups, such as –CN and –CO groups. Mechanical characterizations included tensile testing of non-oxidized and oxidized carbon fiber and tensile testing of carbon fiber/epoxy composite. The results showed that the composite formed from oxidized carbon fibers/epoxy resin exhibited higher tensile strength compared to non-oxidized CFC. The longer the carbon fiber oxidation process, the higher the tensile strength values obtained.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) have emerged as a transformative approach to addressing climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainable development. Despite growing global recognition, the implementation of NbS remains uneven, particularly in countries like Indonesia, which possess high ecological potential but face several challenges. This study critically reviewed the global recognition and implementation progress of NbS in achieving international sustainability and climate agendas, with a particular focus on identifying key enabling factors and hindering risks, and deriving globally informed lessons tailored to Indonesia’s context. This study presents a comprehensive systematic review of 219 peer-reviewed articles from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus, conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol. The review identifies three primary typologies of NbS—Intrinsic, Hybrid, and Artificial—each associated with specific ecosystem types and functions. It maps their alignment with major global agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the Sendai Framework, the Nature-Positive 2030 initiative, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), and the Climate Resilient Development Pathway (CRDP). Intrinsic NbS, such as forests, wetlands, and peatlands, dominate the literature due to their critical roles in carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and disaster mitigation. Findings reveal a significant research gap in Indonesia, with only four studies explicitly linking NbS to national climate commitments of the NDC. Key barriers to implementation include fragmented governance, lack of standardized frameworks, limited stakeholder engagement, and insufficient financial mechanisms. Conversely, enabling factors such as regulatory reforms, green financing instruments (e.g., green sukuk, ecological fiscal transfers), and the integration of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) offer promising pathways for scaling up NbS. This study contributes a novel typological framework and a synthesis of enabling and hindering factors contextualized for Indonesia. It underscores the need for localized, evidence-based NbS strategies that are aligned with global frameworks yet tailored to national socio-ecological realities. By bridging global lessons with local contexts, the findings provide a strategic foundation for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to enhance the effectiveness, scalability, and equity of NbS in achieving climate resilience and sustainable development. Graphical Abstract This graphical abstract provides a concise and visually engaging summary of the study, which systematically reviews the global and Indonesia-specific progress of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in achieving climate and sustainability goals. The visual begins by categorizing NbS into three typologies—Intrinsic, Hybrid, and Artificial—each illustrated with a representative short description to distinguish their ecological and engineered characteristics. The central panel outlines the systematic literature review process, using the PRISMA framework, and highlights the screening and selection of 219 articles from the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. A four-key aspect is being reviewed concerning various ecosystem types. On the right panel, the abstract further maps the alignment of NbS with major global agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), the Sendai Framework, Nature-Positive 2030, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), and the Climate Resilient Development Pathway (CRDP). These are depicted through recognizable icons, reinforcing the relevance of NbS in international policy frameworks. At the bottom panel, a timeline and global map illustrate the temporal trends and geographical spread of NbS implementation. The findings reveal an underrepresentation of Indonesian contexts in the implementation of NbS. A chart at the corner summarizes the key enabling factors (e.g., stakeholder engagement, financial incentives) and hindering risks (e.g., regulatory barriers, fragmented governance). This visual synthesis highlights the pressing need for localized, evidence-based strategies to scale up NbS in Indonesia. By identifying typologies, ecosystem types, and global lessons learn of key enabling or hindering risks, the study offers actionable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers. It aims to bridge knowledge gaps, inform national climate strategies, and enhance Indonesia’s contribution to global sustainability and climate resilience targets through NbS implementation.

Gum rosin and its derivatives have been used traditionally in coatings and adhesives and are now increasingly applied in diverse medical and pharmaceutical fields. Owing to its film‐forming ability, hydrophobic nature, biocompatibility, and ease of chemical modification, gum rosin has emerged as a promising excipient for controlled drug release, targeted drug delivery, and other biomedical applications. This review summarizes the evolution of gum rosin applications—from its conventional roles to its modern utilization in nanocarriers, transdermal systems, and other advanced drug delivery platforms. In addition, we discuss the challenges related to allergenicity, brittleness, and excessive hydrophobicity and propose strategies—such as chemical modification and polymer blending—to overcome these issues. This review provides a reference framework for researchers developing new rosin‐based materials in pharmaceutical sciences.

Abstrak Pencampuran polimer (polymer blending) merupakan salah satu metode yang telah dikembangkan untuk merekayasa material polimer. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan pembuatan komposit mikrofibril PET-HDPE dengan menggunakan alat ekstruder tipe co-rotating twin screw. Proses pembuatan komposit dalam alat ekstruder dengan parameter temperatur 170°C; 240°C; 265°C dan 280°C pada kecepatan putaran 40 rpm. Kondisi temperatur penarikan (drawing) pembuatan komposit diatur pada variasi temperatur 75°C; 80°C dan 85°C serta kecepatan rasio penarikan 2;3;4 dan 5 kali lebih cepat dari kecepatan awal. Hasil pembuatan komposit mikrofibril PET-HDPE dilakukan analisis sifat mikro dengan alat SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) dan sifat mekanik dengan alat UTM (Universal Testing Machine) dan impact charpy. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai kuat tarik tertinggi 24,60 MPa pada kondisi temperatur 85°C dengan kecepatan rasio penarikan 2 kali. Kekuatan impak tertinggi komposit PET/HDPE adalah 131.49 MPa pada kondisi temperatur penarikan 85oC dan rasio kecepatan penarikan 4 kali. Sedang hasil analisa mikro menggunakan SEM terhadap komposit mikrofibril PET-HDPE belum dihasilkan fiber PET yang diharapkan pada komposit. Hal ini kemungkinan disebabkan proses penarikan yang tidak stabil dan temperatur penarikan yang belum tercapai. Kata-kata kunci: Komposit mikrofibril, ekxtruder twin screw, pencampuran polimer PET-HDPE Abstract Polymer blending is one of the methods that have developed to create new polymer materials with different physical properties. This paper aims to investigate of tensile strength, impact strength of microfibril PET-HDPE composites and to obtain PET fiber. Composites were prepared in co-rotating twin screw kneader extruder type ZK 25 E x 36 L/D. The tensile strength, impact Charpy strength from microfibril PET-HDPE and microstructure PET fiber was characterized using Shimadzu AG-X plus 50kN Universal Testing Machine, Resil Impactor CEAST and JEOL JSM 6510 LA Scanning Electron Microscope. Composites were varied at temperature 170oC, 240oC, 265oC and 280oC and mixing speed was controlled at 40 rpm. Drawing temperature was set at 75oC, 80oC, 85oC, ratio drawing speed at 2; 3; 4 and 5-time initial drawing speed. The results showed that maximum tensile strength is 24.60 MPa on condition 85oC with ratio drawing speed 2-time initial drawing speed. The maximum impact Charpy strength is 131.49 MPa on condition 80oC with ratio drawing speed 4-time initial drawing speed. The result of microstructure was not obtained PET fiber. In this case, caused by drawing speed was not stable drawing temperature was not reached. Keywords: Microfibril composites, extruder twin screw, polymer blending PET-HDPE