Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, containing substantial amounts of calcium (Ca), chloride (Cl), and other valuable elements, offers promising potential as a raw material for carbon capture, utilization (CCU), and alkali production. Despite numerous approaches being explored to enhance calcium ion leaching from fly ash, the combined effects of salt and leaching conditions on ion extraction have not been thoroughly investigated. This study provides a comprehensive examination of various leaching conditions, including primary leaching—optimal for efficiency—secondary leaching, which achieved the highest leaching rate, and reverse secondary leaching, focusing on their impact on calcium extraction efficiency. Considering optimal leaching efficiency and resource utilization, this study identifies the most favorable industrial conditions as a 15 min leaching time, a stirring speed of 200 rpm, a temperature of 25 °C, and a 1:10 liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S ratio). The application of a 6% NaCl solution in salt-assisted leaching elevated the calcium ion concentration from 4101.5 mg/L to 4662.6 mg/L, indicating a substantial improvement in leaching performance. Additionally, in carbonate-assisted and ultrasound-assisted leaching, the introduction of CO₂ further increased calcium extraction amounts, but it did not enhance efficiency, while ultrasonic intervention had minimal impact. This research investigates enhanced efficiencies through multiple optimized and assisted leaching conditions, advancing MSWI fly ash utilization in carbon capture applications while paving new pathways for sustainable industrial practices that could revolutionize waste management and support global environmental objectives.

The treatment of antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) has emerged as a critical challenge hindering the sustainable development of the biopharmaceutical industry. As a representative hazardous solid waste generated during antibiotic manufacturing processes, AMR may pose substantial risks to environmental safety. This review elucidates the properties and hazards of AMR while systematically reviewing current mainstream treatment technologies. Building upon the elucidation of underlying mechanisms, it further examines the application bottlenecks and research progress associated with different techniques. Through a comprehensive understanding of existing research achievements, this paper proposes future development strategies and perspectives for AMR treatment, highlighting that integrated multi-technology treatment approaches may represent the predominant developmental direction in this field.