This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Urban water systems and, in particular, wastewater treatment facilities are among the major energy consumers at municipal level worldwide. Estimates indicate that on average these facilities alone may require about 1% to 3% of the total electric energy output of a country, representing a significant fraction of municipal energy bills. Specific power consumption of state-of-the-art facilities should range between 20 and 45 kWh per population-equivalent served, per year, even though older plants may have even higher demands. This figure does not include wastewater conveyance (pumping) and residues post-processing. On the other hand, wastewater and its byproducts contain energy in different forms: chemical, thermal and potential. Until very recently, the only form of energy recovery from most facilities consisted of anaerobic post-digestion of process residuals (waste sludge), by which chemical energy methane is obtained as biogas, in amounts generally sufficient to cover about half of plant requirements. Implementation of new technologies may allow more efficient strategies of energy savings and recovery from sewage treatment. Besides wastewater valorization by exploitation of its chemical and thermal energy contents, closure of the wastewater cycle by recovery of the energy content of process residuals could allow significant additional energy recovery and increased greenhouse emissions abatement.
Andrea Capodaglio; Gustaf Olsson. Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle. Sustainability 2019, 12, 266 .
AMA StyleAndrea Capodaglio, Gustaf Olsson. Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle. Sustainability. 2019; 12 (1):266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndrea Capodaglio; Gustaf Olsson. 2019. "Energy Issues in Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management: Use, Demand Reduction and Recovery in the Urban Water Cycle." Sustainability 12, no. 1: 266.
Gustaf Olsson. Water and Energy Nexus. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2019, 1 -18.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Water and Energy Nexus. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2019; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2019. "Water and Energy Nexus." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 1-18.
Actuator A transducer which reacts to a control signal and performs the desired action Anaerobic Conditions in a biological treatment system characterized by the absence of oxygen in any of its forms ...
Gustaf Olsson. Water and Wastewater Operation: Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control, and Automation. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2019, 1 -17.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Water and Wastewater Operation: Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control, and Automation. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2019; ():1-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2019. "Water and Wastewater Operation: Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control, and Automation." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 1-17.
The water use associated with electricity generation and consumption has been the focus of research for decades. This study provides an overview of the water–electricity nexus from the perspectives of electricity production and consumption. In terms of production, the electricity generation and associated water use for various regions are summarized and compared. The spatial mismatch between water resource and electricity generation is highlighted and analyzed. It is estimated that the water use will be a vital constraint for future electricity generation in some regions. The technological water saving potential is evaluated to address this issue. In terms of consumption, space cooling/heating and water heating are identified as the most significant nexus-related coupled nodes at the household end-use level. Gaps in the theoretical nexus concept and practical policymaking are summarized herein. Existing policies in the US and Europe related to the water–electricity nexus are also reviewed. This study highlights that the generation and cooling technologies greatly influence the water consumption and withdrawal for electricity generation; tremendous spatial disparities of local water resources and electricity generation exist; residential behavior and household appliances have an impact on the household water–electricity nexus; and comprehensive management of the couplings between water and energy is lacking and urgently required.
Chunyan Wang; Lu Lin; Gustaf Olsson; Yi Liu; Ming Xu. The scope and understanding of the water–electricity nexus. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2019, 150, 104453 .
AMA StyleChunyan Wang, Lu Lin, Gustaf Olsson, Yi Liu, Ming Xu. The scope and understanding of the water–electricity nexus. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2019; 150 ():104453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChunyan Wang; Lu Lin; Gustaf Olsson; Yi Liu; Ming Xu. 2019. "The scope and understanding of the water–electricity nexus." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 150, no. : 104453.
Instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) are currently applied throughout the urban water system at water treatment plants, in water distribution networks, in sewer networks, and at wastewater treatment plants. However, researchers and practitioners specialising in respective urban water sub-systems do not frequently interact, and in most cases to date the application of ICA has been achieved in silo. Here, we review start-of-the-art ICA throughout these sub-systems, and discuss the benefits achieved in terms of performance improvement, cost reduction, and more importantly, the enhanced capacity of the existing infrastructure to cope with increased service demand caused by population growth and continued urbanisation. We emphasise the importance of integrated control within each of the sub-systems, and also across the entire urban water system. System-wide ICA will have increasing importance with the growing complexity of the urban water environment in cities of the future.
Zhiguo Yuan; Gustaf Olsson; Rachel Cardell-Oliver; Kim van Schagen; Angela Marchi; Ana Deletic; Christian Urich; Wolfgang Rauch; Yanchen Liu; Guangming Jiang. Sweating the assets – The role of instrumentation, control and automation in urban water systems. Water Research 2019, 155, 381 -402.
AMA StyleZhiguo Yuan, Gustaf Olsson, Rachel Cardell-Oliver, Kim van Schagen, Angela Marchi, Ana Deletic, Christian Urich, Wolfgang Rauch, Yanchen Liu, Guangming Jiang. Sweating the assets – The role of instrumentation, control and automation in urban water systems. Water Research. 2019; 155 ():381-402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhiguo Yuan; Gustaf Olsson; Rachel Cardell-Oliver; Kim van Schagen; Angela Marchi; Ana Deletic; Christian Urich; Wolfgang Rauch; Yanchen Liu; Guangming Jiang. 2019. "Sweating the assets – The role of instrumentation, control and automation in urban water systems." Water Research 155, no. : 381-402.
Advances in Wastewater Treatment presents a compendium of the key topics surrounding wastewater treatment, assembled by looking at the future technologies, and provides future perspectives in wastewater treatment and modelling. It covers the fundamentals and innovative wastewater treatment processes (such as membrane bioreactors and granular process). Furthermore, it focuses attention on mathematical modelling aspects in the field of wastewater treatments by highlighting the key role of models in process design, operation and control. Other topics include: Anaerobic digestionBiological nutrient removalInstrumentation, control and automationComputational fluid dynamics in wastewaterIFAS systemsNew frontiers in wastewater treatmentGreenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatmentEach topic is addressed by discussing past, present and future trends.Advances in Wastewater Treatment is a valid support for researchers, practitioners and also students to have a frame of the frontiers in wastewater treatment and modelling.ISBN: 9781780409702 (Paperback)ISBN: 9781780409719 (eBook)
Giorgio Mannina; George Ekama; Hallvard Ødegaard; Gustaf Olsson; B. Rusten; V. Parco; G. J. G. Du Toit; S. F. Corsino; T. R. Devlin; J. A. Oleszkiewicz; M. Torregrossa; B. Jefferson; E. McAdam; M. Pidou; Hansruedi Siegrist; Adriano Joss; Marc Boehler; Christa S. McArdell; Thomas Ternes; M. M. Yeshanew; G. Esposito; D. J. Batstone; P. N. L. Lens; M. Capodici; A. Cosenza; D. Di Trapani; M. C. M. Van Loosdrecht; I. Nopens; U. Rehman; Pernille Ingildsen; M. B. Neumann; P. A. Vanrolleghem. Advances in Wastewater Treatment. Advances in Wastewater Treatment 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleGiorgio Mannina, George Ekama, Hallvard Ødegaard, Gustaf Olsson, B. Rusten, V. Parco, G. J. G. Du Toit, S. F. Corsino, T. R. Devlin, J. A. Oleszkiewicz, M. Torregrossa, B. Jefferson, E. McAdam, M. Pidou, Hansruedi Siegrist, Adriano Joss, Marc Boehler, Christa S. McArdell, Thomas Ternes, M. M. Yeshanew, G. Esposito, D. J. Batstone, P. N. L. Lens, M. Capodici, A. Cosenza, D. Di Trapani, M. C. M. Van Loosdrecht, I. Nopens, U. Rehman, Pernille Ingildsen, M. B. Neumann, P. A. Vanrolleghem. Advances in Wastewater Treatment. Advances in Wastewater Treatment. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiorgio Mannina; George Ekama; Hallvard Ødegaard; Gustaf Olsson; B. Rusten; V. Parco; G. J. G. Du Toit; S. F. Corsino; T. R. Devlin; J. A. Oleszkiewicz; M. Torregrossa; B. Jefferson; E. McAdam; M. Pidou; Hansruedi Siegrist; Adriano Joss; Marc Boehler; Christa S. McArdell; Thomas Ternes; M. M. Yeshanew; G. Esposito; D. J. Batstone; P. N. L. Lens; M. Capodici; A. Cosenza; D. Di Trapani; M. C. M. Van Loosdrecht; I. Nopens; U. Rehman; Pernille Ingildsen; M. B. Neumann; P. A. Vanrolleghem. 2019. "Advances in Wastewater Treatment." Advances in Wastewater Treatment , no. : 1.
Gustaf Olsson; Pernille Ingildsen; Giorgio Mannina; George Ekama; Hallvard Ødegaard. Making water operations smarter. Advances in Wastewater Treatment 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson, Pernille Ingildsen, Giorgio Mannina, George Ekama, Hallvard Ødegaard. Making water operations smarter. Advances in Wastewater Treatment. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson; Pernille Ingildsen; Giorgio Mannina; George Ekama; Hallvard Ødegaard. 2019. "Making water operations smarter." Advances in Wastewater Treatment , no. : 1.
The key issue in urban drainage (UD) systems, looking from a control engineering perspective, is operation. Measurements, feedback, control and automation are tools to address the challenges. Measurement technology combined with analysis and parameter estimation are used to obtain relevant information for decision and control. The UD control problem is truly multivariable with many sensors and actuators. A major concern is how to define performance indices that reflect requirements from the natural and urban environment and how to translate this into operational variables. This makes the UD system operation a multi-objective control problem.
Gustaf Olsson. Controlling Urban Drainage Systems. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions 2018, 191 -206.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Controlling Urban Drainage Systems. Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. 2018; ():191-206.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2018. "Controlling Urban Drainage Systems." Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions , no. : 191-206.
Water availability and water demand are not evenly distributed in time and space. Many mega water diversion projects have been launched to alleviate water shortages in China. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial features of 59 mega water diversion projects in China using statistical analysis. The relationship between nine major basins is measured using a network analysis method, and the associated economic, environmental and social impacts are explored using an impact analysis method. The study finds the development of water diversion has experienced four stages in China, from a starting period through to a period of high-speed development. Both the length of water diversion channels and the amount of transferred water have increased significantly in the past 50years. As of 2015, over 100billionm(3) of water was transferred in China through 16,000km in channels. These projects reached over half of China's provinces. The Yangtze River Basin is now the largest source of transferred water. Through inter-basin water diversion, China gains the opportunity to increase Gross Domestic Product by 4%. However, the construction costs exceed 150 billion US dollars, larger than in any other country. The average cost per unit of transferred water has increased with time and scale but decreased from western to eastern China. Furthermore, annual total energy consumption for pumping exceeded 50billionkilowatt-hours and the related greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to be 48milliontons. It is worth noting that ecological problems caused by water diversion affect the Han River and Yellow River Basins. Over 500 thousand people have been relocated away from their homes due to water diversion. To improve the sustainability of water diversion, four kinds of innovative measures have been provided for decision makers: national diversion guidelines, integrated water basin management, economic incentives and ex-post evaluation.
Min Yu; Chaoran Wang; Yi Liu; Gustaf Olsson; Chunyan Wang. Sustainability of mega water diversion projects: Experience and lessons from China. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 619-620, 721 -731.
AMA StyleMin Yu, Chaoran Wang, Yi Liu, Gustaf Olsson, Chunyan Wang. Sustainability of mega water diversion projects: Experience and lessons from China. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 619-620 ():721-731.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Yu; Chaoran Wang; Yi Liu; Gustaf Olsson; Chunyan Wang. 2018. "Sustainability of mega water diversion projects: Experience and lessons from China." Science of The Total Environment 619-620, no. : 721-731.
Water and energy are intricately connected in households. The connections mainly appear in three types of residential behavior: bathing, cooking, and cleaning. This study investigated the features of water and related energy consumption in groups with different individual attributes and identified the key groups and types of behavior that correlate with water and energy conservation. A face-to-face interview method was applied to estimate residential water and energy consumption associated with three types of behavior. Regression analysis was applied to the results of 1017 questionnaires to explore the relationships between individual attributes and the amount of water used and associated energy consumption. Chi-square test and extended Mantel-Haenszel test were applied to confirm the relations between individual attributes and behavior. Annual per capita water use for the three types of behavior was 33.6 m3 on average and annual per capita water related electricity consumption was estimated to be 545.7 kWh. The Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.8 with a confidence level of 99%, which indicated a strong correlation between water use and energy consumption. The results showed that 55% of household electricity consumption was coupled with water use in Beijing. Water use and related electricity consumption had a positive correlation with education but a negative correlation with age and family size. Young women under 30 years old with a bachelor degree or above who live alone often use the most water and electricity, 16% and 28% higher than the average. This paper provides a better understanding of urban household consumption and individual attributes.
Min Yu; Chaoran Wang; Yi Liu; Gustaf Olsson; Hua Bai. Water and related electrical energy use in urban households—Influence of individual attributes in Beijing, China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2017, 130, 190 -199.
AMA StyleMin Yu, Chaoran Wang, Yi Liu, Gustaf Olsson, Hua Bai. Water and related electrical energy use in urban households—Influence of individual attributes in Beijing, China. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2017; 130 ():190-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin Yu; Chaoran Wang; Yi Liu; Gustaf Olsson; Hua Bai. 2017. "Water and related electrical energy use in urban households—Influence of individual attributes in Beijing, China." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 130, no. : 190-199.
Gustaf Olsson; Peter D. Lund. Water and Energy - Interconnections and Conflicts. Global Challenges 2017, 1, 1700056 .
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson, Peter D. Lund. Water and Energy - Interconnections and Conflicts. Global Challenges. 2017; 1 (5):1700056.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson; Peter D. Lund. 2017. "Water and Energy - Interconnections and Conflicts." Global Challenges 1, no. 5: 1700056.
Renewable energy technologies can make a major contribution to universal access to both energy and water in a sustainable way. In many regions of the world with energy poverty there are abundant renewable energy sources. In this review it is described how solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have a huge potential to supply clean water, in particular in areas with no grid connection. Off-grid technologies can form a significant part of the solution, all the way from household level to village or community level. Small scale off-grid systems can provide not only lighting but also energy for pumping to gain access to water and to purify and re-use water. In rapidly growing peri-urban areas electric power grids may be available but need to be complemented with decentralized energy sources. Solar and wind can be part of a new kind of hybrid energy supplies. It is noted that there is a confluence of factors, such as greater urbanization, population increase, economic development that will determine the energy mix. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals of clean water and energy for all are strongly related and will depend to a large extent on solar PV and wind.
Lawrence E. Jones; Gustaf Olsson. Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Providing Water. Global Challenges 2017, 1, 1600022 .
AMA StyleLawrence E. Jones, Gustaf Olsson. Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Providing Water. Global Challenges. 2017; 1 (5):1600022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLawrence E. Jones; Gustaf Olsson. 2017. "Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Energy Providing Water." Global Challenges 1, no. 5: 1600022.
Water resources and water quality are closely related to oil exploration, refining and distribution. Since oil products provide over 90% of transport energy in almost all countries it is apparent that any oil operation is an inherent risk for water resources. Since water supplies will be increasingly stressed as a consequence of climate change and population increase the environmental risks associated with oil exploration may intensify. Thus, there are more reasons than CO2 emissions and climate change to cut down on oil production and consumption. In this paper water related risks are discussed from two aspects: (1) water use and water pollution as a result of normal exploration, refining and distribution, (2) water and marine life contamination caused by accidents. It will be exemplified by some major oil accidents, too often caused by human errors or negligence. Ecological effects of oil contamination for seawaters and freshwaters are discussed. Some aspects of social and economic consequences are examined. Some possibilities for mitigating oil leakage risks are highlighted.
Nenibarini Zabbey; Gustaf Olsson. Conflicts - Oil Exploration and Water. Global Challenges 2017, 1, 1600015 .
AMA StyleNenibarini Zabbey, Gustaf Olsson. Conflicts - Oil Exploration and Water. Global Challenges. 2017; 1 (5):1600015.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNenibarini Zabbey; Gustaf Olsson. 2017. "Conflicts - Oil Exploration and Water." Global Challenges 1, no. 5: 1600015.
Key developments of instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) applications in wastewater systems during the past 40 years are highlighted in this paper. From the first ICA conference in 1973 through to today there has been a tremendous increase in the understanding of the processes, instrumentation, computer systems and control theory. However, many developments have not been addressed here, such as sewer control, drinking water treatment and water distribution control. It is hoped that this review can stimulate new attempts to more effectively apply control and automation in water systems in the coming years.
G. Olsson; B. Carlsson; Joaquim Comas; J. Copp; Krist Gernaey; P. Ingildsen; U. Jeppsson; C. Kim; L. Rieger; Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda; Jean-Philippe Steyer; I. Takács; Peter Vanrolleghem; Alejandro Vargas; Zhiguo Yuan; L. Åmand. Instrumentation, control and automation in wastewater – from London 1973 to Narbonne 2013. Water Science and Technology 2014, 69, 1373 -1385.
AMA StyleG. Olsson, B. Carlsson, Joaquim Comas, J. Copp, Krist Gernaey, P. Ingildsen, U. Jeppsson, C. Kim, L. Rieger, Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda, Jean-Philippe Steyer, I. Takács, Peter Vanrolleghem, Alejandro Vargas, Zhiguo Yuan, L. Åmand. Instrumentation, control and automation in wastewater – from London 1973 to Narbonne 2013. Water Science and Technology. 2014; 69 (7):1373-1385.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG. Olsson; B. Carlsson; Joaquim Comas; J. Copp; Krist Gernaey; P. Ingildsen; U. Jeppsson; C. Kim; L. Rieger; Ignasi Rodríguez-Roda; Jean-Philippe Steyer; I. Takács; Peter Vanrolleghem; Alejandro Vargas; Zhiguo Yuan; L. Åmand. 2014. "Instrumentation, control and automation in wastewater – from London 1973 to Narbonne 2013." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 7: 1373-1385.
Water and energy are inextricably linked, and as a consequence both have to be addressed together. This is called the water-energy nexus. When access to either is limited, it becomes obvious that it is necessary to consider their interdependence. Population growth, climate change, urbanization, increasing living standards and food consumption will require an integrated approach where food, water and energy security are considered together. In this paper we examine water, energy and food security and their couplings. The nexus also creates conflicts between water use, energy extraction and generation as well as food production. Some of these conflicts are illustrated. It is argued that there is an urgent need for integrated planning and operation. Not only will better technology be needed, but also better integration of policies, organizations and political decisions.
Gustaf Olsson. Water, energy and food interactions—Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2013, 7, 787 -793.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Water, energy and food interactions—Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering. 2013; 7 (5):787-793.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2013. "Water, energy and food interactions—Challenges and opportunities." Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 7, no. 5: 787-793.
ICA – instrumentation, control and automation – is a hidden technology. It is ubiquitous in all industrial processes, including water and wastewater treatment systems. Still, as long as everything works fine, it is not noted but when things go wrong it will be observed. ICA has now about forty years of history in water and wastewater systems and is well recognized. One early attitude was that ICA will be a necessary burden to be added to a plant in order to correct for a poor design. However, the key reason for ICA is the fact that all processes are subject to disturbances, externally via the wastewater influent, from the customers in a water supply system, or from operations in one unit process that will propagate as a disturbance to another unit within a plant. This paper is an attempt to describe the development of ICA in water and wastewater systems. Most of it is based on personal experiences with all their limitations. No single paper can fairly describe the development that is documented in thousands of research papers, practiced by so many operators and process engineers and implemented in so many treatment systems. Still, the hope is that the paper can give a flavour of the most important ingredients of this fascinating development.
Gustaf Olsson. ICA and me – A subjective review. Water Research 2012, 46, 1585 -1624.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. ICA and me – A subjective review. Water Research. 2012; 46 (6):1585-1624.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2012. "ICA and me – A subjective review." Water Research 46, no. 6: 1585-1624.
Instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) are now essential in all water and wastewater operations. While wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been upgraded from relatively simple mechanical/biological plants for organic removal, the plants of today are increasingly complex and include not only biological nutrient removal but also the requirement to interact on both a plant wide level and with the sewer systems.
Gustaf Olsson. Water water and Wastewater Wastewater Operation water operation Wastewater Operation : Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control and Automation. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2012, 11946 -11960.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Water water and Wastewater Wastewater Operation water operation Wastewater Operation : Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control and Automation. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2012; ():11946-11960.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2012. "Water water and Wastewater Wastewater Operation water operation Wastewater Operation : Instrumentation, Monitoring, Control and Automation." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 11946-11960.
Water and energy are inextricably linked. Water is needed to generate energy and energy is needed to extract, treat, and distribute water and to clean the used and polluted water. This is the water–energy nexus and as a consequence, both challenges must be addressed together. Energy, water, and environmental sustainability are closely interrelated and are vital not only to the economy but to the health and welfare of all humans.
Gustaf Olsson. Water water and Energy Nexus water energy nexus. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2012, 11932 -11946.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Water water and Energy Nexus water energy nexus. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2012; ():11932-11946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2012. "Water water and Energy Nexus water energy nexus." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 11932-11946.
This paper analyses practical issues of implementing and operating process control systems at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). A major constraint in successful operation of measuring and control systems is a lack of proper incentives. In this work the interests and responsibilities of the involved stakeholders are discussed and a fictitious example is described leading to poor efficiency of the WWTP. Supported by successful case studies, some suggestions for sustainable design and operation of process control systems are given.
Leiv Rieger; Gustaf Olsson. Why Many Control Systems Fail. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, 2011, 3906 -3918.
AMA StyleLeiv Rieger, Gustaf Olsson. Why Many Control Systems Fail. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2011; 2011 (12):3906-3918.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeiv Rieger; Gustaf Olsson. 2011. "Why Many Control Systems Fail." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 12: 3906-3918.
The growing water and sanitation crisis in the world calls for enormous efforts from water professionals as well as economic and political leaders. The climate change contributes to the acuteness of the problem, with dryer areas in some parts of the world and severe floods and rains in other parts. The European Water Supply and Sanitation Technology Platform (WSSTP) is an industry driven organisation aiming to strengthen the potential for technological innovation and the competitiveness of the European Water Industry but is also a response to global challenges and regional demands to ensure safe, secure and sustainable water and sanitation services for the benefit of industry, the society and the environment. The supply of electrical energy has to be carefully considered as a pre-requisite for water supply and sanitation. The production of biogas can be significantly increased by using instrumentation and control. The use of monitoring and control has wide consequences for safe and reliable water supply and sanitation.
Gustaf Olsson. Strategies to close water supply and demand gap. Water Supply 2007, 7, 103 -110.
AMA StyleGustaf Olsson. Strategies to close water supply and demand gap. Water Supply. 2007; 7 (4):103-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGustaf Olsson. 2007. "Strategies to close water supply and demand gap." Water Supply 7, no. 4: 103-110.