Transitioning to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is crucial for decarbonizing transportation. However, the market penetration of BEVs depends significantly on cost structures and innovative technologies. This review comprehensively analyzes the key cost and performance parameters along the vertical integration axis of BEV electrification, from the cell to energy system integration. At the cell level, the analysis shows the emergence of sodium-ion technology as a lowcost alternative. In contrast, at the pack level, advanced integration concepts increase the competitiveness of cell chemistries with lower energy density. At the vehicle level, future cost reductions increasingly depend on battery innovations. Finally, synergies with renewable energy systems through bidirectional charging are essential to unlock BEVs' full economic and environmental potential. The future success of electric mobility thus depends on the proper selection of cell technology and holistic system integration.

Global greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to meet the targets of the Paris Climate Accords. This study quantifies the potential energy cost savings of a holistic disposition approach for mixed-electrified heavy-duty truck fleets. Electrifying heavy-duty trucks reduces energy costs compared to traditional diesel-powered baselines. On-site energy generation further decreases electrification expenses. Bidirectional vehicle-to-grid participation also contributes to lowering energy costs. A mixed-integer linear programming optimization algorithm has been developed to incorporate these three approaches into the fleet’s disposition decisions. Real-world data have been utilized, including commercial order datasets, diesel prices, on-site-generated electrical energy prices, and vehicle-to-grid prices. Cost savings start at an average of 17% for small fleets with limited electrification and unfavorable price scenarios. However, they can reach net revenue generation for large fleets with high electrification and favorable price scenarios. A daily surplus of fleet energy costs can be achieved, with vehicle-to-grid revenues surpassing the costs of energy consumed. Ensuring battery electric heavy-duty trucks are available during high-revenue periods and operating during low-revenue times can lower overall fleet energy costs for commercial operators and improve power grid stability. By turning energy costs into net surpluses, this approach provides a financial incentive that could accelerate the transition to greenhouse-gas-neutral transport.

This article presents an anonymized dataset of real-world transport order trip data spanning a total operational period of 16 months. The original data has been provided by two German freight forwarding companies as an export from their respective Transport Management System (TMS). All personal and company-identifiable information has been anonymized to ensure privacy while maintaining relational integrity for research purposes. The dataset comprises 31,352 disposition records from two fleet operators: one with a fleet of 37 heavy-duty vehicles spanning a continuous 5-month period in 2024, and the second with 83 heavy-duty vehicles spanning a continuous 10-month period in 2024. Both fleets comprise only internal-combustion engine vehicles. The dataset provides granular data regarding start and end locations (coordinates), schedule time windows, driving distances, allocated vehicles, and allocated drivers. This dataset can be used by researchers in logistics and transportation engineering to develop and benchmark vehicle routing and disposition/dispatching algorithms, analyse freight transport behaviour, develop demand prediction models, or novel electric vehicle disposition modelling.