Aiming at the problem of surrounding rock instability easily induced by high ground stress in the process of deep-well mining, the optimization of stope structure parameters is studied by combining numerical simulation with theoretical analysis. Firstly, the physical and mechanical properties of rock mass are fully understood using laboratory experiments. Then, six kinds of stope structure parameter schemes are preliminarily designed using the Matthews chart method. According to the geological conditions of the Ruihai Gold Mine, a large three-dimensional numerical model is established. Based on FLAC3D, the follow-filling continuous mining method is used to simulate the six schemes. By analyzing the influence and law of different stope structures on the stress, displacement, and plastic zone evolution of surrounding rock, the most effective mining strategy to balance the safety and economic benefits of the target area is determined. In the area with good rock mass quality, the optimal stope dimensions are 20 m in height, 15 m in width, and 80 m in length. In the rock mass area with fault crossing or relatively developed joint fissures, a reduced configuration of 20 m height, 10 m width, and 70 m length is recommended to enhance stability and stress management. Finally, comparative analysis of mining methods confirms that the follow-filling continuous mining method effectively mitigates ground pressure, offering a theoretical foundation for the safe and efficient extraction of deep mineral resources.