Floods represent one of the most significant climate-related hazards, particularly in regions with complex topographies and variable precipitation patterns. This study assesses flood-prone areas within the Mantaro watershed, Peru, using Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and morphometric analysis. The methodology integrates digital elevation models (DEMs) with hydrological parameters, applying weighted sum analysis to classify 18 sub-watersheds into different flood priority levels. Morphometric parameters, including basin relief, drainage density, and slope, were analyzed to establish correlations between watershed morphology and flood susceptibility. The results indicate that approximately 74.38% of the watershed exhibits high to very high flood risk, with the most vulnerable sub-watersheds characterized by steep slopes, high drainage densities, and compact morphometric configurations. The correlation matrix confirms that watershed topography significantly influences surface runoff behavior, underscoring the necessity of incorporating geospatial analysis into flood risk assessment frameworks. The classification of sub-watersheds into priority levels provides a scientific basis for optimizing resource allocation in flood mitigation strategies. This study highlights the importance of integrating advanced geospatial technologies, such as GISs and remote sensing, into hydrological risk assessments. The findings emphasize the need for proactive watershed management, including the use of real-time monitoring and digital tools for climate adaptation. Future research should explore the influence of land-use changes and climate variability on flood dynamics to enhance predictive modeling. These insights contribute to evidence-based decision-making for disaster risk reduction, reinforcing resilience in climate-sensitive regions.

Introduction: Climate change poses profound challenges to sustainable development by intensifying the frequency, duration, and severity of climate-related events such as droughts, floods, and frosts. Across South America, communities continue to face structural limitations in accessing timely and locally relevant climate information despite advances in climate services and digital technologies. Methods: This study systematically examines how digital transformation supports climate change management in South America through a PRISMA-guided systematic review of 34 peer-reviewed studies and an assessment of 18 national digital climate platforms. Results: The analysis reveals substantial disparities in institutional capacity, data infrastructure, and the operational maturity of climate information systems. While countries such as Peru, Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina show more consolidated frameworks, others maintain fragmented platforms with limited interoperability and restricted functionality. Most digital tools provide highly technical information without offering adaptation-oriented guidance or localized decision support. Discussion: The findings highlight the need for more integrated, user-centered, and context-sensitive climate services that bridge the gap between scientific outputs and operational action. Strengthening digital infrastructures, promoting regional cooperation, and expanding co-produced climate services are critical to improving climate resilience and supporting adaptation planning across South America.