Metronidazole-based preparations are widespread in periodontal practice among those with antibacterial action. However, recently, reports are increasing about the resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to metronidazole. The treatment of this problem is facilitated by the combined effect of metronidazole and physical therapeutic factors, which can ensure the delivery of the antimicrobial agent to periodontal tissues and its deposition. The efficacy of Metrogil Dent gel ultraphonophoresis with low-frequency ultrasound and Metrogil electrophoresis in the treatment of periodontitis has been proven. However, no information is available in the literature about the comparative effectiveness of ultraphonophoresis and electrophoresis of metronidazole-based preparations in the complex treatment of periodontitis, which is of scientific and practical interest.

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of masticatory muscles hypertonicity on the bite formation. Materials and methods. The study comprised 60 patients aged 7—14 years. Group 1 consisted of 20 individuals with Angle class 1 occlusion without masticatory muscle hypertonicity. Group 2 comprised 20 patients with class II malocclusion with hypertonicity of the masticatory muscles, group 3 — 20 patients class II malocclusion and no hypertonic masticatory muscles. All patients were examined according to common diagnostic protocol that included electromyography of the temporal and masticatory muscles at rest and in dynamics). Results. In group 1 the mean IMPACT at rest was 242.8±133.6 µV, IMPACT during contraction was 880.50±201.5 µV; in group 2 — 797.9±413.0 and 1561.23±568.0 μV; in group 3 — 236.7±93.5 and 955.60±295.5 μV, correspondingly. The ratio of the activity of the temporal muscles to the masticatory muscles with neutral occlusion at rest correlates as 1:09, with compression 1:1. In patients with distal occlusion and the presence of hypertonicity at rest, the temporal muscles correspond to the chewing proper as 1:0.8, and with compression 1:09. Conclusion. The estimated ratio can contribute to the retroposition of the mandible, as well as inhibition of the growth of the mandible in the sagittal direction.

The aim of this research was to study patients with the chemical composition of mixed saliva in fluorosis using X-ray microanalysis both living in the endemic center of fluorosis and leaving it. The research involved 64 patients with dental fluorosis, all male, age — 20—35 years. To accomplish the purpose of the study, two groups were formed from them: the first group included 33 people with dental fluorosis of dashed and spotted forms, living in an endemic center of fluorosis (Krasnogorsk district, Moscow region). The second group included 31 people with dental fluorosis who left the endemic focus and live in areas with normal fluoride content in water. Results. According to the content in the mixed saliva of a number of chemical elements, no significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the studied groups. These elements include: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and calcium. However, the content of other chemical elements in the oral fluid was observed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between patients with fluorosis living in the focus of endemic lesion and patients who migrated beyond it. Thus, in the first group, in the studied saliva, the fluorine content was 42% higher than in the second. Also in this group, compared with the second, the phosphorus content was higher 18%, chlorine and potassium 27%. The content of sodium in the first group was 27% lower than in the second.

BACKGROUND: One of the possible ways to improve the quality of dental treatment with obliterated root canals is the use of transcanal direct current exposure. AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the comparative antibacterial activity of anodic dissolution of copper and silver-copper electrodes used in the endodontic treatment of teeth in the experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An experimental study was performed by implementing a technique for the automatic cultivation of microorganisms in liquid culture media. We used for the study clinical isolates of individual strains of bacteria and yeasts, namely: S. constellatus, P. intermedia, C. albicans, as well as mixed cultures: 1) S. constellatus + F. nucleatum; 2) Streptococcus sanguis + Enterococcus faecium obtained from the root canals of the teeth during treatment of chronic pulpitis. RESULTS: The results of the study showed that anodic dissolution of both silver-copper and copper electrodes had a significant and, in general, unidirectional antibacterial effect. At the same time, it was found that, if for clinical isolate of P. intermedia the use of a silver-copper electrode was more effective, then for S. constellatus and C. Albicans strains, as well as for mixed cultures of pathogenic microorganisms S. constellatus + F. nucleatum and Streptococcus sanguis + Enterococcus faecium anodic dissolution of a copper electrode showed a more pronounced antibacterial effect. CONCLUSION: In endodontic treatment of teeth with partially obliterated root canals, along with anodic dissolution of silver-copper electrodes, it is possible to use anodic dissolution of copper electrodes as a means capable of having a pronounced antibacterial effect.

Systemic diseases of the body, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), play an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic generalized periodontitis. The main dental symptom of OSA is dry mouth due to oral breathing, which is a significant risk factor for periodontal disease. Purpose. Сlinical and laboratory assessment of periodontal tissues in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Material and methods. The subjects of our study were patients from 35 to 65 years old. In total, 40 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and 30 patients who made up the comparison group were examined. Patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome were divided into three groups according to the severity of apnea. The first group included patients of women and men with mild apnea, the second group of men and women with moderate apnea, and the third with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Gum bleeding was assessed by the Mulleman-Cowell index, the degree of inflammation in the gum using the papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA). The hygiene index was evaluated by Quigle-Hein as modified by Tureski. Results. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea was rated as “unsatisfactory”. In the structure of the distribution of periodontal diseases in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, periodontitis of moderate severity prevails, while in the comparison group - periodontitis of mild severity. We also observed a correlation between the severity of apnea and the values of periodontal indices. Index data for mild severity and the data of the comparison group practically did not differ. While in severe apnea, the indices were much higher (average Muhlemann-Cowell index — 1.59±0.3, РМА — 57.49±0.87%) than the comparison group (average Muhlemann-Cowell index — 1.25±0.1, РМА — 38.84±0.93%). When assessing the qualitative composition of the oral microflora by PCR of patients with apnea, a higher number of P. gingivalis and A. Actinomycetemcomitans was revealed compared with the comparison group (p <0.02). Conclusions. According to the results of the dental examination, the prevalence of inflammatory periodontal diseases in patients with obstructive sleep apnea is higher than in the comparison group. The data obtained indicate a more severe periodontal disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea compared with the comparison group.

Aim: to study the effect of low-intensity laser radiation of the violet range on the microcirculation processes in periodontal tissues in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis. Materials and methods: the study involved 60 patients with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity, who were divided into two groups of 30 patients. Both groups received standard complex treatment - removal of dental deposits and curettage of periodontal pockets. In the first group, therapy with low-intensity laser radiation of the violet range was also used. The indicators were recorded before treatment, one month after treatment, three months after treatment, and six months after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics 23 with a critical significance level of p < 0.05. Results: the study found that after treatment, both groups showed an improvement in the ratio between myogenic and neurogenic vascular tonus in the microcirculatory bed. The level of shunting in the first group was 15% lower than in the second group (p < 0.05). In the group with laser therapy, the level of microcirculation decreased slightly after three months (p > 0.05). According to wavelet analysis, the shunting index in the first group was 33% lower than in the second group after three months (p < 0.05). After six months, microcirculation worsened in both groups. In the first group, microcirculation was 29.3% higher, and shunting was 29.2% lower (p < 0.05). Conclusions: the study showed that the use of low-intensity laser radiation in the violet range in the treatment of moderate chronic generalized periodontitis improves microcirculation in the periodontium.